Clear-etory. (Parker^s OUmary.) Cleaveland, John, a Congregational minister, was bom in Canterbury, Conn., April 11, 1722. He was expelled from Yale College for attending a Sepa- ratists' meeting, but his degree was afterwards given to him, and his name appears as a graduate of 1745. He was installed pastor over a newly-organized church in Chebacco, Feb. 25, 1747 ; acted as chaplain at Ti- conderoga In 1758; served in the same capacity at Cambridge in 1782, and in New York in 1776. He died April 22, 1799. His church at Chebacco was formed by a secession from Mr. Pickering's, who re- fused to allow 'Wliitefield to preach in his pulpit. Mr. Pickering issued a pamphlet soon after Mr.Cleave- land's organization, to which he replied in A plain Narrative hy the new Church, He also published Che- bacco Narrative rescued from the Charge of Falsehood and Partialitg (1748) ; an Essay to dtfend some of the most important PrincipUs in ^ Protestant Reformed System of ChrisHanity^ more especially ChritCs Sacrifice €md Atonement^ against the injurious Aspersions cast on the same by Dr. Mayhew^ in a Thanksgiving Sermon (1763), which elicited from Mayhew a sharp rejoinder in A Letter of Reproof to John Cleaveland; Justificfh- Hon cf Ids Church from the Strictures of the Rev, S, Wig- glesworthy of the Handet, and the Rev, Richard JaqueSy of Gloucester (1766) ; with several other controversial pamphlets and a few sermons. — Sprague, Annals^ i, 458 ; Allen, Am, Biog. Dictionary ^ s. v.
Cleft (9*^^^, beH'ay a gap in a building, Amos vi, 11 ; '' breach," Isa. xxii, 9 ; 9Dd, the'sa, a spUt in the hoof of an animal, Dent, xiv, 6 ; also tvy^'i, neka-
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rah% %famn in A rock, Isa. ii, 21 ; Q*^!l JH, ekagamm% nfkget io the crags, Cant, ii, 14 ; Jer. xlix, 16; Oba. 8), or Clift (n'1|?a, nekarak\ crevice in a rock, Exod. ■»«Trlii^ 22 ; C)'^2?Cp, 9e^\ a rock fimart^ Isa. Ivii, 5 ; " top" of the rock, Judg. xr, 8, 11 ; Isa, H, 21). See Gavb; Bock.
Cleland, Thomas, D.D., an eminent Presbyte- rian divine, was bom in Fairfax County, Va., May 22, 1778, and removed to Marion Connty, Ky., in 1789. Having developed extraordinary gifts as an exhorter in the great revival of 1801, he was urged by the Pres- bytery of Transylvania to become a preacher, and was licensed April 14, 1803. His first charge was Union Church, in Washington County. In 1818 he was set- tled over New Providence and Cane Run (now Har- xodsburg) churches, where he labored during the rest of his life with remarkable success, being blessed with numerous revivids. He was one of the most popular and useful preachers in Kentuclcy. Sixteen young men studied divinity under him. He was appointed one of the synodicid commission in the Cumberland Presbyterian difficulties. Dr. Cleland was withal a diligent student, and wielded his pen with signal abfl- ity against the Newlights and Campbellites. His principal printed works, besides Occasional Senmmg, wen, A brief ffUtortf of the Action of the Synod in the Ccue of the Cttmberland Pretbyteriant (18^, p. 29, 8vo) : ^Tke Sodni-Arian Detected (1816, p. 101, 12mo):— Unitarianimn Utmaeked (1825, p. 184, 12mo) :— Narra- tive of the Bodihf Exercieee^ in Bibl. Repertory for July, 1884 : — Letters on CampbeHitm :^A ffym»-book, for prayer-meetings and revivals, extensively used in the West. Dr. Cleland died Jan. 31, 1858, in the eightieth year of his age. — Davidson^s ffitt. Preab, Ch. in Ken- tuckjf, p. 854; Memoin, compiled from private Papers^ by Prof. Humphrey and Rev. Thos. H. Cleland.
Cl^mangOB (jOlamengit or CUmangis\ Nicolas DB, one of the ablest writen of the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. He was bom about 1860 in the village of C16manges, in the province of Champagne, and educated in the College of Navarre at Paris. As early as 1381 he gave public lectures as Magister Artium, In 1386 he began, in the same in- stitution, to study theology under Pierre d'Ailly, who exercised a great influence upon him, and always re- mained his friend. In 1391 he became bachelor of the- ology, and began to give theological lectures. Being possessed of rare talents, and thoroughly familiar with the works of the ancient writen, he was soon regarded as the most eloquent member of the University of Paris, which in 1393 elected him rector. Henceforth C16manges took the most active part in the efforts of the University in behalf of a thorough reformation, which constitute so important a part of mediaval Church history. Most of the letters addressed by the University to the popes and kings of this time emana* ted from his pen. In the same year in which he was elected rector (1393) he addressed, in the name of the University, an energetic memoir to Charles VI of France, in order to induce him to put an end to the schism in the Church. In 1394 he compiled a second memorial on the basis of the opinions of all the i^omi- nent members of the French clergy, which had been solicited by the Sorbonne. In accordance with these opinions, he proposed, in a letter to Clement VII, three measures for the reorganization of the Church : first, the abdication of both the popes ; secondly, the elec- tion of arbiters ; thirdly, the convocation of a gen- eral council. Another letter to the pope, much more severe in its language, was not sent off because Clement VII died (September, 1394). Charles VI, | following the advice of the University, requested the cardinals of Avignon not to proceed to the election of ! a new pope until they had come to an understanding I with the cardinals of Rome, and with Boniface IX ; '.