VII, Anti-pope at Avignon (Robert of Geneva), with whom the great papal schism commenced, took this title on his election in 1378. He resided at Avig- non, was acknowledged at once in Naples and France, and at a later period by Scotland, Savoy, and Lor- raine, as well as by Castile, Aragon, and Navarre. He died without reputation in 1894. — Neander, Church Hist. V, 475, 565, 164, 282 ; Gieseler, Ch, Hist, per. ill,
CLEMENT
880
CLEMENT
diT. ▼!, ch. !, § 101; Hma, p. 276. Sm Ayiohoh; Ubban VI.
VH, Pope (GnUio^ illegitimate son of Gioliano de Medicis), became pope in 1523 ; one of the weak and wavering men whose selfish policy in critical times makes their prominence in history a prominence of disgrace. He entered the Maltese order, and became grand prior of Capra. When his cousin Leo X ascend- ed the papal throne he was at once appointed archbish- op and cardinal. Subsequently he acted as cardinal legate of Tuscany. He was elected pope on the 19th of Nov. 1528. On May 2, 1524, he issued a bull for the reformation of abuses prevailing in Italy. In the same year he sent a legate, CampeggiO| to the Diet of Nuremberg, in order to bring about a suppression of the Reformation in Germany. The pope and his leg- ate greatly offended the German princes by theur ar- rogance, but succeeded, nevertheless, in effecting an alliance against the Protestants between Austria, Ba- varia, and twelve princes of South Germany. Not- withstanding the zeal of the emperor for the defence of the Church of Rome, the pope was prevailed upon by the king of France to join the alliance of France, England, Venetta, and other Italian states against Charles. After the siege and capture of Rome by the imperial army, the pope was compelled to capitulate (Jan. 6, 1527); but, being unable to fulfil the condi- tion^ of the capitulation, he escaped, disguised as a merchant, on Dec. 9, 1527, and fled to Orvieto. Soon after he concluded a peace with Charles (1529), and crowned him emperor at Bologna (1530); whUe, on the other hand, Charles restored the papal possessions, and made Alessandro of Medicis (a reputed son of the pope) sovereign of Florence. The demand of Charles and the German princes for the convocation of an cbcu- menical council, which was to reform abuses In the Church and restore its unity, he did not fhlfil, making his consent contingent upon conditions which he knew to be unacceptable to Charles. In the suit of Henry VIII of England for divorce from his wife, Catharine of Aragon, the pope, after long hesitation, decided against the king, and thereby precipitated the separa- tion of the Anglican Church from the Church of Rome. He sancti(\ned the new monastic orders of the Capu- chins, Theatines, Somaskians, and Recollects, enlarged the library of the Vatican, and was in general a pa^ tron of literature. He died Sept 25, 1534. The Bui- ktrium Romanmn (ed. Lugd. 1692, i, 636-694) contains 41 constitutions and decrees of this pope. The life of Clement has been written by Onufrio Panvini and Ja- cob Ziegler (in Schelhom, Amoen. hitt. eccl. tom. ii). See Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lex. li, 600-602 ; Her- zog, Real-Encykl, ii, 734-736; Hoefer, Biop, GinhxtUy X, 766 ; Ranke, Hist. Papacy^ bk. i, ch. iii ; Hase, Ch, Hutory, p. 376, 390, 421, 450.
VIII, Anti-pope {JEgidhu AfuiSoz\ took this title in 1421 on being elected by three cardinals at Peniscola, after the death of Benedict XIII. He resigned to Martin Y in 1429, and thus terminated the great West- em schism. — Migne, Diet, Biog. s. v. Mugnoz ; Giese- ler, Ch, Hitt, per. iii, div. v, ch. i, § 130.
Vm, Pope (Ippolito Aldobrandim), was bom in 1536, at Fano; became first a lawyer, subsequently consistorial advocate, auditor of the Rota (see Rota), datarius (q. v.), and, in 1585, cardinal, and legate in Poland. He was elected pope Jan. 30, 1592. He was a cautious and politic ruler. He mediated the peace of Yervins between France and Spain. In the civil war of France he sided, like his predecessors, with the league against Henry lY. Even after the latter had joined the Church of Rome the pope hesitated to recognise him, and it was not until nearly the whole of France had recognised him that the pope consented to a solemn absolution of Henry (Dec. 17, 1597). Hen- ry supported the annexation of Ferrara to the papal states, and reintroduced the Jesuits into France, while,
I on the other hand, the pope abstained tnm openly o^
posing Henry's edict of toleration. During his pootifi-
I cate the king of Poland prevailed upon the metropoli-
' tan of Kiev and seven of the Ruthenian Ushope to nmte
I with the Church of Rome, and ambassadors arrived
I at Rome from the Coptic patriarch of Alexandria to
negotiate a union of the Copts with the Cfanrdi d
I Rome. He issued new editions of the Vulgate, the Ro-
i man Breviary, Missal, and of Uie Inde:^. In ordo* to
I settle the dogmatical controversy between Jesoits and
I Dominicans on divine grace, he instituted in ld97 the
. Congreffotio de auaiiiu divince gratia, A dispute with
' the republic of Venice was amicably settled. He
; died on March 5, 1605. Baronius and Bellarmin wen