I among the cardinals appointed by him. One hundred
and twenty-three constitutions and decrees of this pope
I are contained in BuUar, Rom. Magmtm, tom. iii, 1-170.
pis life was written by CicareUa.— Ranke, Iliti. Pa^
b.vi;^ase,C».£r»rf.p.456,466sq.; Wetrer u. Welte,
, Kirchm-Lex. Si, 603-640; Herzog, Beal-Emcyiiop, sL
186.
I IX, Pope {Gvulio Hoqtigliosi), was born in 1600 M
, Pistoja. He was in succession auditor of the Rota,
secretary of Sixtus IV, and cardinal, and was elected
pope in 1667. He mediated a peace between Louis
i XIV and Spain, at Alx-la-ChapeUe, in 1668. He was
' upright in his intentions, but easy in disposition. He
left his name to the ClemetUine P&uXy a brief paoae in
the struggle between the Jansenists and Jeauits. He
is said to have died of grief at the taldng of Candia bv
the Turks, 1669.— Ranke, Hid. Pc^. b. viii ; Hase, (X
Hist. p. 512, 518; Wetzer n. Welte, JTsrcAeN-LezOoa.
ii,606.
I X, Pope (EndUo AUteri), was bom at Rome on the 18th of July, 1590, and held the papal chair fhnn 1669 to 1676. Eighty years old at his accession, he was completely governed by his relations, one of wboo.
, Cardinal Paluzzi, was called by the Romans pope de
' facto. He was always eager to mediate peace be- tween the Roman Catholic states, and supported the Poles with money against the Turks. In his reign commenced the dispute with Louis XIV of France con- cerning the rights claimed by the French kings, dur- ing the vacancies of episcopal sees, to dispoee of the ecclesiastical benefices, and to receive the revenue.— Ranke, Hitt. Pap. b. viii ; Hase, Ch. History, p. 512;
I Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchet^LexUBon^ ii, 608.
I XI, Pope (Cfiovamd Francesco, count of AJb(m£% was bom at Pesaro July 22, 1649. He was secretary of the secret briefs under Innocent XI, Alexander YlII, and Innocent XII, and, as such, wrote, among odien, the celebrated bull of Alexander VIII (1691) against the 6alli6an liberties adopted by a national conven- tion of the French bishops in 1682. He became car- ' dinal deacon in 1690, and cardinal priest in 1700. He was raised to the popedom in 1700 on account I of his energy and ability, and displayed abundance I of the former quality, but with singular want of < success. He opposed the elevation of Prussia to a I kingdom, and thus made himself ridiculous in Gei^ many. In the war of the Spanish snccession he vol- untarily acknowledged Philip V, the grandson of Loo- ! is XI Y of France, but was compelled by the imperial I forces threatening Rome to recognise Charles III, the brother of Joseph I of Austria, as king of Spain. He lost Parma and Placentia, and was totally disregarded , at the peace of Utrecht (1713). By this.peace Sicfly was given to Duke Victor Amadeus of Savoy, who denied the papal claim to Sicily, and when the pope had recourse to ban and interdict, expelled neariy all the priests from Sicily, and transported them to the papal states. The pope did not repeal ban and inter- dict until 1719, when Sicily fell to the power of the ; emperor of Austria. In the long controversy between ; the Dominicans and Jesuits concerning the obserr- ance of the pagan customs of China by converts, in
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381
CLEMENT
which Innocent X had decided in favor of the Domin- icanft, and Alexander YII in favor of the Jeanits, Clem- ent again declared against the Jesuits, who appar- ently submitted, bat continued the controversy. In the Jansenistic controversy this pope took very deci- sive action by the bull Vineam DomiiU (July 16, 1705), which demanded a strict adherence to the decrees of Innocent X and Alexander VIII against the book of Jansenius. Of still greater hnportance was the cele- brated bull Uniffontus (Sept. 8, 1718) against Quesnel's (q. V.) work on the New Testament, which produced an extraordinary commotion in the GaUioan Church. The BuOar. Rom. Ckmtin. P. II (1727), contains 128 bolls, constitutions, letters, and briefs of Clement ; and Contki, P. YI (1789), 168 constitutions. The life of aement XI was written by Polidoro (Urbino, 1727), Lafiteau (Pad. 1752, 2 vols.), Beboulet (Avignon, 1752, 2 vols.), and by the Protestant Buder, LAm u. Tkatm da Uugm Pc^oites ClemetUis XI {Z vols. Frankf. 1720). He died 1721. His works (Homilies) were pu^shed (2 vols, fol.) in Rome, 1729.— Ranke, Hitt, Pap. b. viU ; Hase, Ch, Hist, p. 518, 518 ; Wetzer u. Welte, ^trcAsii- Ltx, ii, 609, 612 ; Herzog, Real-EncyJdop, ii, 787.
XU, Pope {Lortneso Cortim)^ was bom at Florence in 1652. He was appointed cardinal May 17, 1706, cardinal bishop of Frascati in 1725, and became pope July 12, 1730, when 78 years old. Immediately upon his accession to the papal chair, he instituted a trial against Co6cia,the favorite of his predecessor, Benedict Xni, for extortion. Coscia was sentenced to eight years* hnprisonment, and a fine of 40,000 ducats. In 1732 he issued a papal " constitution'* for a better reg- nlation of the conclave; by a brief of 1786 he sup- pressed the sect of the Cocchiari, and in 1788 he con- demned the Free-masons. He took a special interest in the union of the Greek Church with the Roman, and in 1784 founded the " Corsinian" ecclesiastical sem- inary for young Greeks at ^issignano, in Calabria ; but the endeavors of the Jesuits to gain over the pa- triarch of Constantinople were fruitless. Equally in- efficient were special efforts made fbr winning over the Protestants of Saxony and Silesia. His relations to the Roman Catholic states were, in general, not IHendly. Parma, which he claimed after the death of the last Famese (1731), was occupied by Austria. Spun, against the consent of the pope, made enlist- ments in the papal states, and placed garrisons in sev- eral towns. Portugal claimed the cardinal's hat for a fiivorite of the king (Bicchi), and the pope, in 1781, yielded. Charles Emanuel of Sardinia was threatened with the ban for occupying several places in Pied- mont which the pope claimed as fief. The little re- public of San Marino, which Cardinal Alberoni, in 1789, had rashly annexed to the papal states, soon recovered its independence. He supported the emperor of Aus- tria with money in his war against the Turks. He promoted the study of Oriental languages, especially the Syriac, and sent Assemani on his second journey to the East, to collect Oriental manuscripts for the libra- ry of the Vatican. His private life was austere, and he wss rigid in the enforcement of ecclesiastical dis- cipline. He died Feb. 6, 1740. The BuUarivm Rom. CoiU. P. VIII (Luxemb. 1740), contains 277 constitu- tions of this pope.— Hase, Ch. History^ p. 514 ; Ranke, Bitt. Pcqt, b. vili; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lex. ii, 611 ; Hoefer, Biogr. Ghtirale, x, 769.