Xm, Pope {Carlo ddla Torre di RezMomeo), was bora at Venice March 7, 1698 ; became governor of Ftno in 1721, auditor of the Rota fai 1729, cardinal- deacon m 1737, bishop of Padua in 1748, cardinal-priest in 1747. He ascended the papal chair July 6, 1758. He owed his elevation to the Jesuits, whom he sup- ported with an earnestness and perseverance that fully flayed the fldebleness of the popedom. By auto- Snph letters to the kings of France, Portugal, and Spain, he endeavored to avert the destruction of the
order in those three states. But in vain. The Por- tuguese government suppressed all the convents in 1759 and 1760, imprisoning a number of members un- der the charge of being accomplices of a plot against the life of the king, and transporting most of them into the papal states **as a present to St. Peter." In 1764 the Jesuits were exiled fh>m France. In reply, Clement issued the bull ^^ApottoUcum patoendi," in which he again confirmed the order ; but the French Parliament forbade the publication of the bull. In April, 1767, the Spanish government embarked all the members of the order in Spain in order to transport them to the papal states. On the 30th of January, 1768, the pope issued a brief, in which he annulled, as head of the Church and as feudal sovereign of Parma, a number of reformatory measures which the duke of Parma had issued in 1765 and 1766, pronouncing the severest censures of Uie Church against all who had aided in the drawing up, publication, and execution of these decrees, and releasing the subjects of the duke from the duty of obeying them. This bull produced the greatest indignation at all the Bourbon courts. Parma expelled the Jesuits (in 1768), France occupied Avignon and Venaissin, and Naples took possession of Benevento and Pontecorvo. In addition to these troubles, a conflict arose with the republic of Venice, which had issued some laws restricting the privileges of the clergy, and in particular that of accumulating property. The republic of Genoa offered a reWard of 6000 scudi for the capture of a papal delegate to the island of Corsica, which had risc^ in insurrection against the Genoese. In January, 1768, the pope protested against the resolution of the Polish Diet, which, although recognising the Church of Rome as the state Church, made some concessions to the dis- sidents. Besides these conflicts with the state gov- ernments, Clement had a hard struggle against an Episcopal movement in the Church of Rome, which demanded a restriction of the papal prerogatives and an enlargement of the powers of the metropolitans, and the chief representative of which was the Grer- man bishop Febronius (q. v.). The Congrtgation of the Index forbade the possession and circulation of the book under penalty of the galleys ; but this rigorous measure, as well as letters to the bishops of Germany to use the utmost efforts for the suppression of the dangerous book, remained useless. Some of the bulls issued by Clement (as Animarvm ScAuti hndiAHud ad Apotiolaiiu\ in vindication of the claims of the papacy, offended even the most zealous partisans of the pope. Even the cardinals became dissatisfied, and a change of policy was seriously contemplated when the pope' died on February 2, 1769. Clement restricted the right of asylum, forbade the clergy from engaging in mercantile pursuits, and conferred upon Maria Theresa the title of apostolic majesty. — Ranke, Bist. Pop. bk. viii; Hase, Church Hist. p. 524 sq. ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchm-Lexihony ii, 618-618 ; Herzog, ReaUEncyikp. ii, 788-740.
XTV, Pope (Giovamd Vinoente Antonio GaAgand- /f), was bom at San Arcangelo, near Rimini, October 81, 1705. After receiving an education in the insti- tutions of the Jesuits at Rimini and the Piarists at Urbino, he entered, on May 17, 1728, the order of the Minorites, exchanging his baptismal Christiafa name for that of Lorenzo. He soon distinguished himself both as a pulpit orator and as a theologian, and taught theology in several of the institutions of his order. When, on May 20, 1741, Pope Benedict XIV presided at the general chapter of the Minorites, which was to elect a new general of the order, Ganganelli, in the name of the chapter, addressed the pope in a speech which gained to him the full confidence of Benedict. He was in 1745 appointed assistant, and in 1746 con- suitor at the Sant' Uffizio (the Congregation of the In- quisition), and in this officfe won general respect by his moderation, amiable character, and schcdarship.
CLEMENT
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CLEMENTINES