Clement I. See Clement of Rome.
H, Pope {Suidffer, bbhop of Bamberg), was placed in the papal see Dec. 21, 1046, after the Synod of Sutri, by the Emperor Henry III, in the room of Gregory VI, who abdicated. He crovmed this emperor, and ' ""Id in Jan. 1047, a synod at Borne for the suppression
of simony. He died, as some think, by poison, OeL 9, 1047. He was the first of the German popea, aod retained the diocese of Bamberg even during faia pon- tificate. He put the city of Benevento under tlie m- terdict because it had refused to receive the £inpenr Henry.— Neander, Ch. Hist, iii,878 ; Gieaeler,C%. HitL per. ui, div. ii, § 22 ; Hoefler, Teutsche Papste, 1 Ah^ 283-288 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kircken^Lex. U, 590,
HI, Anti-Pope (jGvxberi^ archbishop of RsTenna), was chosen pope at the Synod of Brixen in lO&H, br the party of the Emperor Henry IV , with the view of supplanting Gregory YII. After being repeatedh- placed in the Roman see by violence, and expdl^ firom it by the same means, he submitted to Piascfaal II in 1099, and died in the following year.— Neander, C&, Hist, iv, 118 sq. ; Gieseler, Ch, Hist. per. iii, div. uL chap.i,§47,48.
m, Pope {Paohf cardinal bishop of Bome), was a native of Rome. He was chosen pope at Pisa on the 19th of Dec. 1187, in the pkce of Gregory VIII, who had died in the same city two days before. The chief concern of the new pope was the speedy organizaooo of a third crusade, as the news of the conquest of Jeru- salem by Saladin (Oct. 8d, 1187) had just been re- ceived. He wrote at once to all the Christian princes, and succeeded in calling forth an unprecedented en- thusiasm. The aged emperor Frederick Barbarona (67 years old), who had had a violent conflict with the predecessor of Clement on account of the poesesaons of the Countess Matilda, made peace with the pope and took the cross. Peace was also restored between Venice and the king of Hungary, and between tbe king of France and the king of England, and all these states, joined by Leopold of Austria and others, were induced to take part in the crusade. The pope bad the grief of learning the death of Frederick in the Riv- er Kalicadnus, and the dissensions between the f^incei besieging Acco, but he did not live to see the unfor- tunate end of the crusade.
Clement again secured for the popes the secular rale over the city of Rome, which during forty-nine ytan had been left by the popes. Tired of their civil wars, the Romans conceded to Clement the right of sover- eign. A conflict with the king of Scotland, who had appointed of his own accord a bishop for St. Andrew's, terminated favorably to the pope. The king yiekled when the pope threatened with the interdict In re- ward for this concession, the pope (bj* a buU of Mardi 13, 1189) exempted all Scotland from the jurisdictioD of the archbishop of York, made it an immediate de- pendency of the papal see, and provided that hence- forth no one should be a papal legate in Scotland who was not either a Scotchman or an officer of the Chnitii in Rome. On the death of King William II of SicUy (Nov. 1, 1189), a dangerous conflict arose between the son of Frederick Barbarossa, Henry (subsequently em- peror Henry VI), whose wife was the nearest rdation to the late king, and the pope, who claimed feudal rights over Sicily, and hastened to invest with its gov- ernment Tancred, an illegitimate son of duke Roger of Sicily. Henry, after the death of his father, was marching upon Rome, when Clement died, on March 25, 1191. The personal life of thb pope is said to have been blameless. Seven letters and many decrees is- sued by Clement are given by Mansi (xxii, 643-574). — Herzog, Real-Encyldop. ii, 780 ; Wetzer u. Welts, Kirchen-Lexicony ii, 591 ; Neander, Ch. Hist, iv, 417 ; Gieseler, Ch. Hist. per. iii, div. iii, chap, i, § 53.
XV, Pope (Gui Fulcodiy according to others, Gmio Foulqiuns le Groe), was a native of France, first a sdh dier, then a lawyer, married, and on his wife*s death entered the Church, and became in succession bishop of Puy, archbishop of Narbonne, and (1261) cardinal bishop of Sabina. He was chosen pope at the begin- ning of 1265, while he was absent ftom Italy as p^sl legate, and solemnly crowned on the 22d of Februaxj,
CLEMENT
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CLEMENT
at Titerbo, where be took np his residenee on aeooant of the disturbances prevailing in Rome. During the whole time of his pontificate he was occupied witi^ the contest concerning the government of Sicily. Hu predecessor, Urban lY, has invited Charles of Anjon to take possession of Sicily, which was then ruled by Manfred, an illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II. When Charles appealed in Rome (May 21, 1265), five cardinals, in the name of the pope, concluded between him and the papal see a treaty which g^ve to Charles the whole of the Apulian Empire, while Charles, on the otiier hand, pledged himself to pay a certain trib- ute, and to abolish the ecclesiastical decrees of Freder- ick II. The arrogance of Charles, his want of money, and the outrages .committed by French soldiers, dis- posed the pope favorably toward Manfred, but the lat- ter died before the reconciliation had taken place. The cruelty of Charles against the fomily and the ad- herents of Manfred, and his violation of the treaty, filled the pope with indignation. Nevertheless, when young Conradin, the grandson of Frederick 1 1, appear- ed in Italy, the traditional hostilities of the popes toward the Hohenstaufons induced the pope to excommuni-! cate him. Conradin was received with enthusiasm by the GhibeUine opponents of the pope, and, in particu- 1 lar^ by the people of Rome, and the pope naturally re- < joiced at his defeat and capture. It cannot, however, | be proved that he knew of, and much less that he ap- proved of his execution. Clement survived exactly one month after the last scion of the Hohenstaufens Conradin was beheaded, dying at Yiterbo Nov. 29, 1268. He was an able ruler, and resolutely hostile to nepotism. Many of his letters have been published by Martene and Durand in their Thetcturua Novus An- ecdoiorum (Paris, 1717, 6 vols, fol.), and by D'Achery In his SpicUegium. He wrote several works, among which was a life of St. Hedwig, duchess of Poland, who was canonized by him in 1267. On' works false- ly attributed to Clement, see Cave, Eist, Lit, ad on- mun 1265. A special work on the life and writings of Clement was published in 1628 at Lyons by the Jesu- it Claudius Clemens. See Herzog, Real-Encyldop. ii, 782 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchm-Leaicon, ii, 594 ; Nean- der, Chmrh Hitt. iv, 289, 424; Gieseler, Church Hut, per. iii, div. iii, chap, i, § 67.