Of the councils of Cologne, besides those already mentioned, the most important were, (1) in 1280, called by the Archbishop Sifridus (Sifroi), in which eighteen canons of discipline were drawn up ; (2) in 1586, by Herman, on discipline, the duties of bishops, offices of the Church, etc ; (8) in 1549, by Adolphus, where several statutes were made for the reformation of the Church. The restoration of learning was recommend- ed as one of the' means of accomplishing this end. — Wetzer u.Welte, Kirchen-Lex. ii, 673; Rettberg, /Ttr- chen-Gesch. Deutscklands (G6tt. 1846); Friedrich, JTiV- chen-GeBch, DeiOschianda (Bamberg, 1867); Binterim & Mooren, Die dUe und neue Erzdidc, Coin (4 vols. May- ence, 1828) ; Mering u. Reischert, Die Buihofe u, Erz- bisch. von C5ln (Cologne, 1843) ; Ersch u. Gruber, s. v. (vol. xviii, 175 sq. ; here a complete list of the bishops and archbishops of Cologne is given) ; Landon, Man- ual of Councils^ s. v. ; Smith, Tal^ of Ch, HUtory.
Colombia, United States of; a republic in
''-^uth America (until 1861 called New Granada). The
'try was discovered in 1498 by Christopher Colum- \
COLOKN-A
bus. In 1782 the viceroyaltj of New Graatada wag established of what are now the United States of Co- lombia and Ecuador. In 1810 New Granada i ted herself fh>m the Spanish monarchy, and i ed a constant war until 1824, when the Spanish anay was conquered by the ColomUan. New Granadt formed with Venezuela (since 1817) and with Ecnato (since 1821) the republic of ColomUa. Bat Veocsadi separated herself in Nov. 1829, and Ecuador in May, 1830, and the central part constituted itself as the repeb- lie of New Granada on Nov. 21, 1881. Several tima some of the states forming the republic dedaied tfaeo- selves independent : thus the state of Panama w:m ia- dependent from ^863 to 1865. Since then the muted republic has been constituted of the nine states of Aa- tioquia, Bolivar, Bo}'ac4, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Uag- dalena, Panama, Santander, Tolima, togetiier, aocofd- ing to the last official census, with a populatiaii of 2,794,473 inhabitants. The population is r^iidly in- creasing; in 1810, when the revolution oommeneed, there were 800,000 inhabitants; in 1826, 1,800,000; in 1885, 1,685,088; in 1848, 1,982,279. Accoidins to a decree of 1851, slavery ceased on Janoaiy 1, 1858. The whole native population belongs to the Bofoan Catholic Church, whose ministers receive a salazy from the state. The hierarchy consists of <me arch- bishop at (Santa F6 de) Bogota, and seven bIshopB at Antioquia, Cartagena, Santa Martha, New Pampelo- na, Panama, Paste (established in 1859), and Popa- yan. Church affiurs have for many years been tltt subject of violent controversies between the Libenl party, who are in &vor of absolute freedom of wor- ship, of separating the state from tiie Church, of ex- pelling the Jesuits, and similar measures, suod the Conservative party, to whom belong all tiie Cuiat- ical partisans of the Church of Rome. Generally the government has been in the hands of the libeial party, which several times has made attempts to ea- force a full separation of the Church ftrom Bome. Protestant foreigners received the right of public wov- ship in 1822, and later the same right was £^ven to the natives. In all the large towns the govemnwnt en- forces the legal toleration of all religions, but in the country the ignorance and fonatidsm of the popolaee make it often difficult to obtain the fiill benefit of the law. In 1856 the Old School Presbyterian Chnrdi of the United States occupied Bogota as a missionaiy station, and In 1866 a second missionaiy was sent to the same place. A boys* school was opened Janu- ary 1, 1867. The American Bible Society, m 1866, o[>ened a depository at Bogota. At the ^iglish ser- vices the average attendance on the Sabbath, daring the year 1866, was over thirty ; but worship was still held in private houses, no suitable hall or edifice hav- ing yet been obtained by the missionaries. A lai^ge number of foreigl Protestants, chiefly fttmi the United States and England, have settled at Panama and A»- pinwall (Colon), and they have a church and schod, but hardly any progress has been made toward estab- lishing a native Spanish congregation.— $ee the ^s- nual RejtorU of the Board of Fortign Mittions ofAe Presbyterian Church ; New American Cydopadia and lAppincotti Gazetteer, s. y. New Granada ; Henog, RealEncyHop, ii, 792.
Colonna (De Columna), the name of an ancSent princely fomUy in Italy, which was fiimons for many centuries, and especially during the Middle Ages, for the number of cardinals and bishops which it gave to the Roman* Church, and for the prominent influence which it exeroised upon the election of the popes and the government of the papal states. In the qnarreb between the popes and tiie emperors, the Ck>]onBas mostly sided with the emperors. Boiiifru» VIII be- came so incensed at the hostile attitude of the famfly, that the descendants of the princes John III and Otto XVII were declared by him to be " irregular" until the fourth generation. According to some ecdeoas-
COLONNA
416
COLOR
ical writen, Fbpd Alexander III (acoording to others Gregory IX) declared all the members of the famUy, !br all thne to come, incapable of holding any ecdesi- istical office. The authenticity of this decree is doubt- bl; if it was ever issned, it soon fell into disnse, for there is no other fiunlly which counts so large a num- ber of rardmals among its members as the Colonnas. Only one of the fiunily ascended the papal chair under the name of Martin Y (q. y.) ; in general, public opin- ion in Bome was so much opposed to the election of a Colonna as pope, that there was a proverb : Necjraltry nw Galbu^ nee Cohtmna ermU pc^ (Neither a brother [of the deceased pope], nor a Frenchman, nor a Colons na, must be elected pope). A great many of the car- dinals of this fiunily were known for their fighting propensities ; and as late as 1527 the Cardinal Pompey Colonna expelled Pope Clement VII from Rome, who on that account deposed him from his ecclesiastical dignity, and pronounced the ban against him. He was, however, restored to aU his dignities in 1629. Bat very few of the Colonnas published any theologio- al writings; one of these few was