Conoordat. I. A treaty, but usually restricted to a convention between the pope of Rome and any sec- ular Roman Catholic government for the settling of ecclesiastical relations. Treaties which the pope, as a secular sovereign, oondudes with other princes, are not called concordats. Conventions between the pope and a Protestant government for the settlement of the ecclesiastical relations of the Roman Catholic sul^jects of the latter are properly only called conventions, though it is common to apply the term ccAcordat to any con- vention. The name concordat was for the first time applied to the convention made in 1418 between Pope Martin V and the representatives of the German na- tion, which was called NonauOa capiiula concordata et ab vtraqneparte suscepta. The name b now, however, generally applied to earlier conventions also. One of the most important of the earlier concordats is that of Worms, caUed also the Calixtine Concordat, made in
1122 between Calixtus II and Henry T, in order to put an«end to the long contest on. the sobject of inv6i> titure, and which has since been ctmsidered a funda- mental ordinance in Germany. MoetofthecoDoordati have been extorted from the popes by the diffsicnt civil powers. This was done as early as the fifteesth century ; for when the Council of Constance nrged a reformation of the papal court, Martin Y saw famisclf obliged, in 1418, to conclude the concordata of Cok' stance with the German, the French, and the Eng^ nations. Chap. 1 restricts the number of ^^»^i»««i*, and makes provisions as to their character and mode of appointment. Chap. 2 restricts the papal reeova- tions. Chap. 3 treats of papal annates and taxes, whidi for France were reduced for the space of five yesn to one half of their former amount ; while in the E»>gKA concordat these were abolished altogetlMr. Qiap.4 defines what trials are to be lodged at Borne. Chepw 5 reduces the number of commendams. Chap. 6 enjoim a strict proceeding against simony befSore thefanm consdenlia. Chap. 7 provides that excommunicstei persons need not be shunned heSoire tbn pnUkaiion of the ban. Chap. 8 reduces Ae number of papal do* pensations. Chap. 9 treats of the revenue of the pa- pal curia. Chap. 10 reduces for Germany the papal indulgences, and repeals those that bad been issued since the death of Gregory XI : in the French concordat nothing is said about this point. Ch^>. U piovides that the German and French concordats are to be valid only for five years, and that with regard to tbB French the royal sanction is reserved. The ig^glt^h coDco^ dat is definite. The Gkrman and English oonccndals obtained at once legal authority ; the Fmach hi 1434.
At a meeting of the German electors at Fraaklbit, in October, 1446, the reformatoiy demands of the Ger- man nations, which for several years had been the sub- ject of negotiations, were finally agreed upon. They chiefly concerned the recognition of the sopreme au- thority of general councils, the convocation of a new general council, and the redress of the grievances of the German nation. Pope Eugene IT, through Ins ambassadors, declared his readiness to concede these demands, and on his death-bed, Feb., 1447, signed five bulls by which they were severalty granted. The Frankfort demands, and the bulls of Eugene IT, by which they are ratified, are together called the /Voai- fort Concordats, or the Concordat qf Princes, The chief basis of these concordats was tlie series of re- formatoiy decrees which had been adopted by the Coundl of Basle. Nicholas Y, on BCarch 2S, 1447, rat- ified the concessions made by his predecessor to ths German nation.
On Feb. 17, 1448, the Emperor FredeiidL m coa- duded (without the co-operation of the electors) witii the cardinal legate Carvajal a concordat at Tieana, which made to the pope far-reaching concessions; in particular, the right of ratifying the election of all the bishops (which right, by the Concordat of Princes, had been restricted to the bishoprics immediately 8nii|ect to the pope), of cancelling uncanonical elections, and of appointing bishops for the dioceses thus become va- cant. This convention was formerly called tiie As- chc^ffenburg Concordat or Recess, but the more ooneot name is the FteMia ConcordaL The Frankfort Con- cordats and the Vienna Concordat together aie called the Concordats of the German Nation, Tbc^ Ibnneds fundamental law of the German Empire, and part of them continued, even after the destruction of the Ger- man Empire, to be a part of the ecclesiastical law of the sevenl German countries.
In France, the reformatory decrees of tiie CooncS of Basle had been, in 1488, adopted as a law of the kingdom at the Diet of Bourges. But this law—tbt Pragmaiie Sanction qfBourges^-wnB never recogniied by any of the popes of the 15th century ; and in 1516, Pope Leo X prevaUed upon king Francis I to condndt a new concordat, which the Lateian Conndl, then is
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SMsioii, appraved and embodied with its decree, while the king niede it a law of the oonntiy, notwithstanding the protest of the Parliament and the University of Psris. It established the annates, referred the ctmmB vu^orti tor abjudication to Rome, and gives to the Idng the right of nominating the bishops.
In 1451 a concordat was concluded with the doke of 8a90jf, by which the latter received the right of nominating for the most important benefices. In 1486 long John II d Portugal concluded a concordat with Pope Innocent YIII, by which he abandoned the Plaeei R^jnmf which the kings had exercised since the be- ginning of the century, though, since 1427, the popes bed protested against it. The concordat was disap- proved by the Cortes. In 1528. Pope Adrian II gave to the khigs of i^Htm the same rig|ht as regards the nominating for ecclesiastical benefices which had been conceded to France. No concordat was concluded during the 16th century after the year 1528, and none St sU during the 17th century.