8. J. G. Hanff, BibUsche Beal-und Verbal^oncordam (2 vols, in 4 pts. 8vo, Stuttg. 1828-34).
4. We may also mention a valuable concordance for the German Bible— BtbUsche Hand-ConcordansfOr Be- leffionslehrer und aUe Freunde der HeiHgen 8chr{ft (pub. by H. Schott, Leipzig, 1827, 8vo). The work is more comprehensive than similar writings in the English language. It is divided into three parts : (1.) A full and complete register of all the words found in the Bi- ble ; (2.) An index of the most important things, sub- jects, and ideas found in the Bible, with references to the places where they lie in the sacred volume ; as, for instance, under the head ** Lord's Supper, a mcAl com- memorative of the death of Jesus, it brings us into in- timate fellowship with Christ; the worthy participa- tion of the sanf e ; spiritual enjoyment qf the flesh and blood of Christ," etc. (3.) The leading doctrines of Christianity systematically arranged, drawn up ac- cording to Luther's CatecUsm, and accompanied by scriptural proofiB.
Other concordances in German are those of G. BQch- ner (Jena, 1750, 1757, 1776; Halle, 1837; Lpz. 1806), Wichmann (Lpz. 1782), F. J. Berahard (Lpz. 1850-2), J. M. Otto (Sulzb. 1842), K. A. ToUer (Stuttg. 1838), S. Lueg (Passau, 1841).
IV. The flrst complete French concordance was that of Mark Wilks,Concor(iafice des SaintesiEcritures (Par- is, 1840, 8vo).
V. EngUdi Concordances.—!, The first concordance to the English version of the New Testament was pub- lished without date, but certainly before 1540, by '* Mr. Thomas Gybson," being chiefly, as appears probable ftrom the prefatory epistle to the reader, the work of the fSunous printer John Day. It is entitled The Con- cordance of the New Testament, most necessary to he had Ml the hands ofaU soche as desire the oomnmnioation of anyplace contained mi the New Teatament,
2. The first English concordance to the entire Bible was that of John Marbeck— .<4 Concordanoe, that is U> saie, a Worke wherein by the order of the letters of the A,B,Cyye maie redely fitd any worde conteigned in the whole Bible, so often as it is there expressed or mention- ed, Lond. 1550, fol. Till the year 1555, when Robert Stephens published his concordance, it was not cus- tomary to mark the verses in books of this sort At
CONCORDAT
456
CONCORDAT
first H was thonght eufficient to specify the chapter with the letters a, 6, c, c2, as marks to point out the be- ginning, middle, and end of each chapter. Bot in 1545 Robert Stephens divided the Bible into verses, thus preparing the way for a more exact reference in concordances, etc. ; bnt Marbeck does not appear to have made ase of this improvement, as his work refors merely to the chapters. In Townley's Bib. lit, vol. iii, p. 118, may be found some interesting partacolars respecting Blarbeck's condition in life, labors, and ill treatment
8. The following work, which appeared in the same year as the last, is a translation fiom the German — A Briefe and a Compendiotu Table, in mtmer qfa Concord- once, op&nmg ike toa^fe to theprinoipaU Hietoriet qfiKe whole BiMe, and the most comon articlee grounded and comprehended m the Newt Tettament and Olde, m nutner as ampbf a$ doeth the great Concordance of the Bible, Gathered and set forth bjf Henry BvlUnger, Leo Jude, Conradc PeUicane, and by ike other ministers qf the Church qfUgttrie, TVanslatedfrom the Hygh A Unagne into Englysh hg Walter Lyme, To which is added, a Translation of the THrd Bohe ofMachabees (8vo, 1550). Lynne, the translator, was an English printer, who flourished about the middle of the 16th century, a scholar, author, and translator of several books. See
BULLINOSB.
4. All earlier English concordances were snper^sded by the more correct and valuable work of Alexander Oruden (q. v.), entitled A Complete Concordance to the Holg Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, etc,, to which is added a Concordance to the books caUedApocrg- pha (1787, 4to). Three editions were published by the author during his life, and many have appeared since his death. The London edition of 1810 is the best standard edition. Several useftd editions of Cmden have been put forth by the Messrs. Bagster, who have also issued An AlphabeHcal Index of the Holg Scrip- tures, comprising tJbe Names, Characters, and Sul^fects, both of the Old and New Testament, in two sices, which the Biblical student will find very serviceable.
Cruden's Concordance has been for a century the basis of every other work of the kind, such as Brown's, Butterworth's, Coles's, Eadie's, etc. With all its ex- cellences, however, it has more serious defects than is generally apprehended. The Rev. Thomas Scott was so weU aware of this that he contemplated a re- vision of the work. Its chief &ult is its great want of completeneis, but a moiety of the words being really given at all, and only a part of the occurrences of these, the proper names being especially defective. These and other defects are in a good measure reme- died in the edition issued by the ** Society for Promo- ting Christian Knowledge" (Lond. 1859, 8vo), but this still is far from perfect. A really complete and aceu- rate English concordance is yet a desideratum. The want is about to be met by Strong's Exhaustive Con- cordance to the Auth, Engl, Version qfthe Holg Ser^ tares, lately asnounoed as nearly ready for the press.