IL Tke Coneordats of the EighioetUk Century, ^Th^ concordats of this period(1717-1774) were occasioned by the revival of the anti-papal tendendee of the Church of Rome, which had prevailed in the 15th century, and still more by the development of the theory of the ab- solute state. They all belong to the Latin nations of Europe.
1. Savoy.^ThB arrangement of 1451 had been the snl>)ect of long controversies, wldch were partly set- tled by an agreement in 1727, and fully by a concordat on Jsn. 6, 1741, which made provisions on the admis- sion and authority of papal bulls in the coontry, on the limits of ecclesiastical jurisdiotbn, on the exemption of church property, on the right of asylum, etc.
2. For Mitan, which, since 1706, belonged to Aus- tria, a concordat was concluded Dec. 10, 1757, concern- ing exclusively the exemptk>n of chnrdi property.
3. In Nqpki the so-called Monorchia StcuUij or the right claimed by kings to act as papal legates, had long been a hereditary subject of controversy between the secular governments and the popes. It was finally regulated, together with other differences, by a treaty oondnded Jane 2, 1741, which recognised, though in somewhat modified form, the exemption of church property and of the clergy fttmi taxation, the right of asylum, ecdesiastical jurisdiction in marriage aflSrirs, and the right of the Church to snperinteiid the impor- tation of foreign books.
4. Sjpcdn. — ^The conflicts between Spain and the pope oonceniing the extent of the royal right of collation were settLad by a preliminary agreement in 1787, and by a concordat concluded Jan. 11, 1758. An appen- dix to the concordat concerning the rights of the papal nuncio ip Madrid was agreed upon.
5. Portuffal,^In 1740 Benedict XIV granted to the kings of Portugal, by a concordat, the right of nomi- nating for the episcopal sees and all benefices.
III. The Coneordati qfthe Nineteenth CbnAtry.— The present century has witnessed the condnsion of a very Urge number of concordats. Most of them were called forth by a desire of the secular government to rear- range ecdesiastical affidrs, which had been thrown into utter disorder by the French Revolution and the territorial changes in Europe following it.
1. /VoRce.— Bonaparte, when first consul, oondnded s concordat with Pius Til, July 15, 1801, which went into operatton in April, 1802. It re-estaUished the Roman Catholic Church, which is declared to be the Tdigion of the majority of Frenchmen, and has be- come the basis of the present ecdesiastical constitu- tion of that countiy. It guaranteed to the Roman Cathdic Church freedom and publidty of worship, which was, however, jdaced under the general laws of police; promised a new droumscription of dioceses, and Provided for the reelgnatkm of all the bishops at that time in office; it gave to the first consul the right of i^ODunating the Uihops, and prescribed the oath of fidel-
ity toward the secular government which the bishops and other priests have to take. The bishops recdved the right to appoint the parish priests, but the latter must be agreeable to the secular government. Of the churches not yet sold, as many as were necessary for divine worship were to be restored to the bishops. The Church renounced all claims to the property that had been sold during the Revolution, and the state prom- ised to pay the bishops and priests a sufficient salary. The former righte and prerogatives of the French crown were recognised as hav&g been transforred to the first consul, but in case a person not a member of the Church of Rome should be invested with the latter office, new provisions were reserved. The concordat was published as a law of France in 1802, together with some introduotory "organic articles." Against the latter, however, the popes always protested. The concordat and the new droumscription of diocesee were also valid for Belgium, and those parts of Ger- many (the left bank of the RhineX Switserland, and Savoy whidi, by the treaties of peace at LuneviUe and Amiens, had betsn united with Ftanoe.
In 1808 a special concordat was concluded between Pius YII and Napdeon for the Italian republic It substantially agrees with the French concordat, thou^^ some provirions are more fovorable to the pope. This concordat remained valid for the kingdom of Italy, which was established in 1805.
In 1818 Napoleon negotiated with the pope a second concordat (the Concordat of Fontaineblean), which was published against the consent of the pope, who had re- garded it only as a preliminary agreement, and at once took back Ids consent. As the reign of Napoleon ceased soon after, the concordat never became eflfoc- tive.
Louis XYIII conduded at Borne with Pius YII (July 11, 1817) a new concordat, by which that of 1518, so injurious to the liberties of the Oallican Churoh, was again revived ; the oodbordat of 1801 and the or- tieke orffoniquee of 1802 were abolished ; the nation was subjected to an enormous tax by the demand of endowments for forty-4wo new metropolitan and epis- copal sees, with thdr chapters and seminaries ; and free soope was afforded to the intolennce of the Ro- man court by the indefinite language of art 10, whidi speaks of measures against the prevailing obstadee to religion and the laws of the Churoh. This revival of old abuses, this provision for the luxury of numerous derical dignitariiBs at the expense of the nation, could please only the ultra-royaUst nobility, who saw in it the means of providing their sons with benefices. The nation received the concordat with almost uni- versal disapprobation ; voices of the greatest weight were raised against it ; the Chambers rejected it, and it was never carried through. After the Revolution of 1880 the government fell back on the concordat of 1801, and the organic articles became a new sul>]ect of controversy between Church and State.