remain at liberty, and he returned with zeal to his amed and severe labors, manifesting his strange ec- tntricity in a thousand forms— soliciting knighthood om the king, a seat in Parliament from the people ^ London, and courting the daughter of the lord ayor, but preserving unchanged his piety and benev- ence. He made a verbal index to Milton's poems,
Scripture Dictionary^ and several religious works, mtinuing to the last the emendation of bis Concord- ice. Many editions of this work have since ap- Bared. On November 1, 1770, he was found dead I liis chamber in the attitude of prayer. See Con-
ORDAICCE.
Cniinbaagh, John Samuel, a Lutheran minis- sr, was bom in Frederick County, Md., November 7, B31. He graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettjrs- org, in 1851, and the same year was appointed prin- ipal of the High School, Lancaster, Pa., a position to rhich he seemed specially adapted. While thus en- aged, he also pursued his theological studies under tie direction of Rev. Dr. Baker, and in 1858 was li- ensed to preach the Gospel. His first and only pas- >ra] charge was St. John's (Lutheran) Church, Lan- wter. His health, never very vigorous, began to kil under his labors, to which he had so assiduously nd successfully devoted himself. He resigned his harge in 1857, and accepted the office of snperintend- nt for common schools of Lancaster County, in the xpectation that an opportunity would be afforded, in he active exercise required, for the resuscitation of lis health. His zeal and success in the discbarge of »ia varied and difficult duties were regarded by the Joard as unsurpassed. He was a man of more than )rdmary ability, and as t teacher possessed peculiar luaUiications. He died Jan. 18, 1869. "His brief ife," says Dr. Burrowes, "was a record of learning, asefulness, and honor." He published an address on M tn History^ delivered before the literary societies ^t Franklin and Marshall College in 1855.
Crusades, the name given to the religious wars carried on fh)m the close of the eleventh to the close of the thirteenth century by the Christian coun- II.— P p
tries of Europe against the Mohammedans for the con- quest of the Holy Land. (In this article we make free use of the article in Chambers's Eneydopcedia.) Ftom an early period in the history of the Church it was considered a pious act to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre, and to visit the various spots which the Saviour had consecrated by his presence. When Palestine was conquered by the Arabs in the seventh century, that fierce but generous peq>le re- spected the religious spirit of the pilgrims, and allow- ed them to build a church and a hospital in Jerusa- lem. Under the Fatimides of Egypt, who conquered Syria about 980 A.D., the position both of the native Cliristian residents and of the pilgrims became less fii- vorable ; but the conquest of Jerusalem in 1078, and the subjugation of the country by brutal hordes of Seljuk Turks from the Caucasus, rendered it intolera- ble. The news of thehr atrocities produced a deep sen- sation over the whole of Christendom, and kindled a general desire for the liberation of the Holy Land from the hands of the infidels. The popes encouraged this movement to the best of their ability. They saw in it an opportunity to extend the Church, to re-enfbrce their power, and to turn the warlike ardor of the West- em princes, which so often led to conflicts between Church and State, against the infidels. In 1073^ the Greek emperor, Manuel YII, sent to supplicate the as- sistance of the great pope, Gregory YII, against the Turks, accompanying his petition with many escpres- sions of profound respect for his holiness and the Lat- in Church. Gregoiy cordially responded, but circum- stances prevented him from ever carrying the vast de- signs which he entertained into execution. The idea of a crusade was, however, revived by Us successor, Urban II, an able and humane man, whose sjrnipathies were kindled by the burning zeal of Peter the Hermit, a native of Amiens, in France, who had made a pil- grimage to the Holy Land, witnessed the cruelties per- petrated by the Turks, and was now traversing Eu- rope, preaching every where to crowds in the open air, and producing the most extraordinary enthusiasm by his impassioned descriptions of how pilgrims were mur- dered, robbed, or beaten, how shrines and holy places were desecrated, and how nothing but greed restrained the ruffian Turks (who made the Christians pay heavy taxes for their visits to Jerusalem) from destroying the Holy Sepulchre, and extirpating every vestige of Christianity in the land.
First Crusade, 1096-1099.— When, by the addresses of Peter the Hermit and others, the feelings of-Europe had been sufficiently heated, two councils were held in 1095, one at Piacenza, in May, and the other at Cler- mont, in France, in November, to organize the war. At the second, at Clermont, a crusade was definitely resolved on. The pope himself delivered a stirring ad- dress to a vast multitude of clergy and laymen, and as he proceeded, the pent-up emotions of the crowd burst forth, and cries of Deus vuU (God wills it) rose simultaneously ftt>m the whole audience. These words, Deus mdt, by the injunction of Urban, were made the war-cry of the enterprise, and every one that embarked in it wore, as a badge, the sign of the cross ; hence the name Crusade (Ft. croisade, from Lat. crux, a cross). From all parts of Europe thousands upon thousands hurried at the summons of the pope to en- gage in the holy war. In May, 1096, the crusade was actually begun by an undisciplined force of about 20,000 foot, commanded by a Burgundian gentieman, Walter the Penniless. It marched through Hungary, but was cut to pieces by the natives of Bulgaria, only a few, among whom was Walter himself escaping to Constantinople. The second, consisting of 40,000 men, women, and children, was led by Peter the Hermit. It followed the same route as its predecessor, and reached Constantinople greatly reduced. Here the two united, crossed the Bosphorus, and were utterly defeated by the Turks at Nice, the capital of Bithynia.