to have been maintained among the Hebrews: the Babylonians and other Eastern nations (Josh, vii, 21 ; Ezek. xxvii, 24), as well as the Eg^'ptians (Ezek. xxvii, 7), excelled in it. Nor does the art of dyeing appear to have been followed np in Palestine : dyed robes were imported fh>m foreign coantries (Zepb. i, 8), particolarly. from Phoenicia, and were not much used on account of their expensiveness : purple (Prov. xxxi, 22 ; Luke xvi, 19) and scarlet (2 Sam. i, 24) were occasionally worn by the wealthy. The surrounding nations were more lavish in their use of them : the wealthy Tyrians (Eze)L. xxvii, 7), the MidianitLsh kings (Judg. viii, 26), the Assyrian nobles (Ezek. xxiii, 6), and Persian officers (Est. viii, 15), are all represented in purple. The general hue of the Persiim dress was more brilliant than that of the Jews : hence Ezekiel (xxiii, 12) describes the Assyrians as ^i^S^ *^^t^t lit. clothed in perfection; according to the Sept d^nupv^a^ wearing robes with handsome borders. With regard to the head-dress in particular, described as '^ni"'0 0'>b!iaa (Sept. ridpai fiaTrrai ; A.V. "dyed attire;" comp. Ovid, Mei. xiv, 654, tnitra pieta)^ some doubt ex- ists whether the word rendered dyed does not rather mean Jhwing (Gesen. Thesaur. p. 642 ; Layard, ii, 808). 8. The NameSj FormSj and Mode o/ wearing the Robes. — It is difficult to give a satisfactory account of the va- rious articles of dress mentioned in the Bible : the no- tices are for the most part incidental, and refer to a lengthened period of time, during which the fashions must have frequently changed; while the collateral sources of information, such as sculpture, painting, or contemporary records, are but scanty. The general characteristics of Oriental dress have indeed preserved a remarkable uniformity in all ages : the modem Arabs dress much as the ancient Hebrews did; there are the same flowing robes, the same distinction between the outer and inner garments — the former heavy and warm, the latter light, adapted to the rapid and ex- cessive changto of temperature in those countries ; and there is the same distinction between the costume of the rich and the poor, consisting in the multiplication of robes of a finer texture and more ample dimensions. Hence the numerous Olustrations of ancient costume, which may be drawn from the usages of modem Ori- entals, supplying in great measure the want of con- temporaneous representations. With regard to the figures which some have identified as Jews in Egyp- tian paintings and Assyrian sculptures, we cannot but consider the evidence insufficient. The figures in the painting at Beni Hassan, delineated by Wilkinson {A n- dent Egypt, ii, 296), and supposed by him to represent the arrival of Joseph's bretiiren, are dressed in a man- ner at variance with our ideas of Hebrew costume : the more important personages wear a double tunic, the upper one constnicted so as to pass over the left shoulder and under the right arm, leaving the right shoalder exposed: the servants wear nothing more than a skirt or kilt, reaching from the loins to the knee. Wilkinson suggests some collateral reasons for doubting whether they were really Jews ; to which we may add a further objection that the presents which these persons bring with them are not what we should expect ttom Gen. xliii, 11. Certain fiicures inncribed on the face of a rock at Behistun (q. v.), near Kerman- shah, were supposed by Sir R. K. Porter to represent Samaritans captured by Shalmaneser : they are given in Vaux*s Nineveh, p. 872. These sculptures are now recognised as of a later date, and the figures evidently represent people of different nations, for the tunics are alternately shert and long. Again, certain figures dis- covered at Nineveh have been pronounced to be Jews : in one instance the presence of hats and boots is the ground of identification (Bonomi, Nineveh^ p. 197 ; com- pare Dan. iii, 21) ; but if, as we shall hereafter show, the original words in Daniel have been misunderstood by our translators, no conclusion can be drawn from
the presence of these articles. In the figures are simply dressed in a short takv sleeves reaching nearly to the elbow, and m£af: the waist by a girdle, a style of dress vlitivi widely spread throughout the East that it iili^ to pronounce what particolar DAtion thQ^ or b belonged to : the style of head-dress sceoti u ti* tion to the supposition that they are Jews. TWt.- ures are given in Bonomi's Nmeneh, p. SSL
The costume of the men and women vas tot n- lar ; there was sufficient difiTerenoe, hoverer, to i^ the sex, and it was strictly forbidden to a vant wear the appendages (*^^3 ; Sept. 0Xf^), seb sfe staflT, signet-ring, and other ornament?, ec, aadl| to Josephus (^Ant. iv, 8, 43), the weapoiH oft aa. ■ well as to a man to wear the outer robe (^T^<<^* woman (Deut. xxii, 5) : the reaaon of the pni^bci according to Matmonldes (i/or. Aie&odl. ii, STi, ^' that such was the practice of idolatov (coBip.Cirp»r Appar. p. 514) ; but more probably It was laied rw the general principle of propriety. (See MtO,/^ sekd, p. 196 sq. ; Carpzov, De namio ■i&6n rtv •> derdicto, Rost. 1752.)
fl. Robes common to the sexes. (1.) The Wp'*a (rahs, whence the Greek xtVwv) was the met csu- tial article of dress. It was a cloedy-fittiBj gBsm. resembling in form and use our durt, tlMa^ n^ tunately translated '* coat" in the A.Y. Hit ■»» of which it was made was either wool, oottoi^ or Haa From Josephus*s ol>servation (^n^ iii, 7, 4) wlkn^. to the meil (that it was oit: Ik hoiv vtptr^^^^rvi we may probably infer that the ordmary hA^ i tunic was made in two pieces, which were pen 3- gether at the sides. In this case the seaniksi ^ (xirov dppa^oQ) worn by our Lord (John xix,^«» either a singular one, or, as is more profaaide, v» ^ upper tunic or meU. The primitive kelkmeA ns lii- out sleeves, and reached only to the knse, like ^ Doric x<Vwv ; it may also have been, like tie 1^? partially opened at one side, so that t persoe is n;c motion was exposed (2 Sam. vi, 20). Another ^ which we may compare with the Ionian x"^^ '^ ed to the wrists and ankles: such wis pnAst-lr ii kefhoneth passim worn by Joseph (Gen. xxxrillSi and Tamar (2 Sam. xiii, 18), and that which the prit* wore (Josephus, AfU. iii, 7, 2). It wte m either a^ kept close to the body by a girdle (q. v.), aai ih» fei' formed by the overlapping of the robe wrvedwBB* ner pocket, in which a letter or any other snail «Sii might be carried (Joseph. Ant, x>ii, 5, 7). A p«» wearing the keihoneth alone was described u S*^."" ked: we may compare the use of the tenn Tip® « applied to the Spartan virgins (PlatXjc.l4)Loftk I^tin nudus O^i^gil, Georg. i, 299), and of oar ti^ sion stripped. Thus it is said of Swl, tfter hm taken off his upper garments C''7??i ^ ^■'"' ^^'^ of Isaiah (Isa. xx, 2) when he had put off Mi »•* cloth, which was usually worn over the tank (ffsf Jon. iii, 6), and only on special occisions next tbe g (2 Kings vi, 80) ; of a warrior who has cast off la* »• itary cloak (Amos ii, 16 ; comp. Lhry, iii, ^ '*JT nudique) ; and of Peter without his fisher's cMt i J» xxi, 7). The same expression is elsewhere »f^ f the poorly clad (Job xxil, 6; Isa. Iviii, 7; J** ■• 16).