The annexed wood-cut (fig. 1) reprwents lb sf- plest style of Oriental dre8^ a lon^r loose rffflt « J- thonefh without a girdle, reaching neariv to **f?"' The same robe, with the addition of tbe gir&» shown in fig. 4. In fig. 2 we have tbe o^"^ rT of the modem Bedouin ; the tunic overiaps the pi^' at the waist, leaving an ample fold, which «*"*f! pocket. Over the tunic he wears the oiia, or *f" plaid, which completes his costume.
(2.) The sadin' ("p^D) appears to have been iti^
DRESS
889
DRESS
Fig. 1. An Egyptian.
Fig. 2. A Bedoain.
of fine linen (Sept tnvdiitv), which might bo nsed rarioas ways, bat especially as a night-sbirt (Marie , 51 ; comp. Herod, ii, 95 ; Schletuner's Lex, tr» N. ». v.). (The Hebrew term is given in the Syriac T. as =<yovcapioVj Luke xix, 20, and Xcvriov, John i, 4.) The material or robe is mentioned in Jadg. r, 12, 13 ("sheet," "shirt"), Prov. xxxi, 24, and I. ill, 23 Q ' fine linen**) ; bnt in none of these pas- ses is there anything to decide its specific meaning, e Talmndical writers occasionally describe the taUith der that name, as being made of fine linen : hence ghtfoot {Exercitations on Mark xiv, 51) identifies B mvdutp worn by the yonng man as a talUthy which had put on in bis haste without his other garments. (3.) The meiV (b'^^p) was an upper or second tunic, e difference being ttiat it was longer tlian the first, is hence termed in the Sept. vtrodvTfiQ iroSfjprii, and t>bably in this sense the term is applied to the hetho- 1h passim (2 Sam. xiii, 18), implying that it reached >wn to the feet. The sacerdotal meil is elsewhere »cribed. See Priest. As an article of ordinary ress it was worn by kings (1 Sam. xxiv, 4), prophets I Sam. xxviii, 14), nobles (Job i, 20), and youths (1 am. ii, 19). It may, howeyer, be doubted whether le termed is nsed in its specific sense in these pas- Jtges, and not rather in its broad etymological sense from P?^, to cover)y for any robe that chanced to be rom over the hethaneth. In the Sept. the rendering •ary between iTrivdvrnQ (1 Sam. xviii, 4; 2 Sam. xiii, 8 ; 1 Sam. ii, 19, Theodot), a term properly applied 9 an upper garment, and specially used in John xxi, , for the linen coat worn by the Phoenician and Syr- an fishermen (Theophyl. in 1. c), SmXoiQ (1 Sam. ii, 9; XV, 27; xxiv, 4, 11; xxviii, 14; Job xxix, 14), /wria (Job i, 20), <rr6Xf; (1 Chron. xv, 27 ; Job ii, 12), ind ifiroSv-rric (Exod. xxxix, 21 ; Lev. viii, 7), show- ng that, generally speaking, it was regarded as an ipper garment. This fhrther appears from the pas- »ages in which notice of it occurs : in 1 Sam. xviii, 4, it is the "robe'' which Jonathan flret takes off; in 1 Sam. xvui, 14, it is the "mantle" hi which Samuel is enveloped; m 1 Sam. xv, 27, it is the "mantle," the skut of which is rent (comp. 1 Kings xi, 80, where the ^^^iD, 9amlah\ is similarly treated) ; in 1 Sam. xxiv, 4, it is the " robe" under which Saul slept (generally the laa, be'ged, was so used) ; and in Job i, 20 ; ii, 12, it U the " mantle" which he rends (comp. Ezra ix, 3, 5) : in these passages it evidently describes an outer Tobe, whether the simlah, or the meil itself used as a nmlah. Where two tunics are mentioned (Luke iii, 11) as being worn at the same tune, the second would be a meif; travellers generally wore two (Joseph, AtU,
xvii, 5, 7), but the practice was forbidden to the disci- ples (Matt. X, 10; Luke ix, 8).
The dress of the middle and upper classes in modem Egypt (fig. 8) illustrates the customs of the Hebrews. In addition to the shirt, they wear a long vest of striped silk and cot- ^ ' ton, called kaftcm, descending to < the ankles, and with ample sleeves, so that the hands may be conceal- ed at pleasure. The girdle sur- rounds this vest The outer robe consists of a long cloth coat, call- ed ^ibbeh^ with sleeves reaching nearly to the wrist. In cold^weath- er the abba is thrown over the shoulders.
(4.) The ordinary outer garment consisted of a quadrangular piece of woollen cloth, probably resem- bling in shape a Scotch plaid. The size and texture would vary with the means of the wearer. The Hebrew terms referring to it are — simiah' (n^pb, occasionally] il^bb), which appears to have had the broadest sense, and some- ^, «... tim« i. pat for clothe. gene«lly "^'^^C^."^ (Gen. XXXV, 2; xxxvii, 34; Exod. iii, 22; xxii, 9 ; Deut x, 18 ; Isa. iii, 7 ; iv, 1), though once used specifically of the warrior's cloak (Isa. ix, 5) ; Wged (^1)3), which is more usual in speaking of robes of a handsome and substantial character (Gen. xxvii, 15 ; xli, 42 ; Exod. xxviii, 2 ; 1 Kings xxii, 10 ; 2 Chron. xviii, 9; Isa. Ixiii, 1); Icesuth' (HIDS), ap- propriate to passages where covering or protection is the prominent idea (Exod. xxii, 26; Job xxvi, 6; xxxi, 19) ; and, lastly, khushf (disb), usual in poetry, but specially applied to a warrior^s cloak (2 Sam. xx, 8), priests' vestments (2 Kings x, 22), and royal ap- parel (Esth. vi, 11 ; viii, 15). A cognate term, maU bush' QQ^jI^'Q) describes specifically a state dress, whether as used in a royal household (1 Kings x, 5 ; 2 Chron. ix, 4) or for religious festivals (2 Kings x, 22) : elsewhere it is used generally for rol)es of a hand- some character (Job xxvii, 16; Isa. Ixiii, 8; Ezek. xvi, 13 ; Zeph. i, 8). Another term, mad (T?, with its derivatives n^p, Psa. cxxxiii, 2, and 1'ip, 2 Sam. X, 4 ; 1 Chron. xix, 4), is expressive of the length of the Hebrew garments (1 Sam. iv, 12 ; xviii, 4), and is specifically applied to a long cloak (Judg. iii, 16 ; 2 Sam. XX, 8), and to the priest's coat (Lev. vi, 10). The Greek terms ifidriov and oroXfj express the corre- sponding idea, the latter being specially appropriate to robes of more than ordinary grandeur (1 Mace, x, 21 ; xiv, 9 ; Mark xii, 38 ; xvi, 5 ; Luke xv, 22 ; xx, 46 ; Rev. vi, 11 ; vii, 9, 13); the "yiTiitv and ifiunov (A. V. "coat," "cloak," Vulg. tunica^ pallium) are brought into juxtaposition in Matt, v, 40, and Acts ix, 89. The beged might be worn in various way?, either wrapped round the body, or worn over the shoulders, like a shawl, with the ends or "skirts" (D^BJS; Sept. Trrt- pvyia; Vulg. anguK) hanging down in front; or it might be thrown over the head so as to conceal the face (2 Sam. xv, 80; Esth. vi, 12). The ends were skirted with a fringe, and bound with a dark purple ribbon (Num. xv, 38) : it was confined at the waist by a gurdle, and the fold (p*^n ; Sept. koXwoc ; Vulg. «- nus) formed by the overlapping of the robe served as a pocket in which a considerable quantity of articles might be carried (2 Kings iv, 39; Psa. Ixxix, 12; Hag. ii, 12 ; Niebuhr, Description, p. 56), or as a purse (Prov. xvii, 28; xxi, 14; Isa. Ixv, 6, 7; Jer. xxxii, 18; Luke vi, 88).