DRESS
891
DRESS
BT with or witfaoat a coat over it; the "smock- k" is familiar to us as an upper garment, and still I kind of andress. In shape and material these espond with ketAoneth, and, like it, the term >ck** is applied to both sexes. In the sacerdotal 18 a more technical term might be used: ** vest- it," in its specific tense as = the chasible, or casu^ nrould represent it very aptly. MeU may perhaps >e8t rendered **■ gown," for this too applies to both 3s ; and, when to men, always in an official sense, be academic gown, the aldennan^s gown, the bar- er's gown, just as fiml appears to have represented official, or, at all events, a special dress. In sacer- il dress *^alb'* exactly meets it, and retains still, he Greek Church, the very name, poderiSj by which
fneii is described in the Sept. The sacerdotal od approaches, perhaps, most nearly to the term all," the uifxo^opLov of the Greek Church, which may compare with tlie tiriafiiQ of the Sept. Adde- i answers in several respects to "pelisse," although i term is now applied almost exclusively to female SB. Sadm = ** linen wrapper." Simlah we would ider "gaiment," and in the plural ** clothes,*' as t broadest term of the kind; ft^^rf ''vestment," as ng of superior quality; lebush '^robe," as still su- rior; mad ''cloak," as being long; and tnalbugh Iress," in the specific sense in which the term is not frequently used as =fine dress. In female costume tpachaih might be rendered "shawl," maatapha nantle," tsaiph " handsome dress," radid "cloak." cL In addition to these terms, which we have thus ' extracted from the Bible, we have in the Talmud- i writers an entirely new nomenclature. The tal- V (n^!ca) is frequently noticed : it was made of fine len, and had a fringe attached to it, like the heged; was of ample dimensions, so that the head might be iveloped in it, as was usual among the Jews in the t of prayer. The holbinf (T^^bip) was probably lother name for €he taUkk, derived from the Greek Xofiiov ; Epiphanius (i, 15) represents the oroXai of e Pharisees as identical with the Daimatica or the iobmm ; the latter, as known to us. was a close tunic itbout sleeves. The chalukf (p^Pfl) was a wool- n shirt, worn as an under tunfc. The macto^ren I^S::^^) was a mantle or outer garment (comp. ightfoot, ExerckaHon on Matt, v, 40 ; Mark xiv, 51 ; uke ix, 8, etc.). Gloves (fl^Op or SjS) are also no- oed (CAe/im, xvi, 6; xxiv, 16; xxvi, 8), not, how- irer, as worn for luxury, but for the protection of the ands in manual labor.
With regard to other articles of dress, see Girdle ; [akdkbbchief ; Hbad-dbess ; Hem of Garment ; ANDAL8; Shoes; Veil; also the several words bove used in the A.V.
e. The dresses of foreign nations are occasionally re- srred to in the Bible ; that of the Persians is described a Dan. iii, 21 in terms which have been variously un- ierstood, but which may be identified with the state- ttents of Herodotus (i,195; vii, 61) in the following nanner : (1) The sarbaUn' ("pba^^D ; A.V. '* coats") = tva^vpiSts, or drawer$^ which were the distinctive fea- ure in the Persian as compared with the Hebrew Iress; (2) thepa«wA^(ttJ-«aD; A.V. "hosen»O=jct0wv foh)viKiiQ Xivtoc, ^r inner tunic ; (3) the harbela' y^V^y A..V. "hat")=aXXoc itpivtog laBwvy or up- per tunic, corresponding to the me%L of the Hebrews ; :4) the Idnuh' (TlJnn^ ; A. V. " garment") =xXavi?tov V«vk6v, or cloak, which was worn, like the hegtd, over lU. In addition to these terms, we have notice of a robe of state of fine linen, takrik C^^^^sn ; diddffia ; 9eriam paUhon), so called from its ample dimensions (Esth. viii, 15). The same expression is used in the Chaldoe for puiyfe ^(innaift in Ezok. Jtxvii, 16.
The references to Greek or Roman dress are few; the xXa/iuc (2 Mace, xii, 85 ; Matt, xxvii, 28) was either the paktdamenium, the military scarf of the Roman soldiery, or the Greek chkuMfB itself, which was intro* duced under the emperors (Smith's Du^, of Ant, s. v. Chlamys) ; it was especially worn by officers. The travelling doak (0<Xovi7c) referred to by Paul (2 Tim. iv, 13) is generally identified with the Roman jwwittto, of which itjnay be a corruption ; the Talmudical writ- ers have a similar name (V'^^B or K'^S^fi). It is, however, otherwise explained as a travelling case for carrying clothes or books (Conybeare, 8t, PcnU^ ii, 499).
4. The customs and associations connected with dress are numerous and important, mostly arising from the peculiar form, and mode of wearing the outer gar- ments. The beged^ for instance, could be applied to many purposes besides its proper use as a vestment; it was sometimes used to carry a burden (Exod. xii, 84 ; Judg. viii, 26 ; Prov. xxx, 4), as Ruth used her shawl (Ruth iii, 15) ; or to wrap up an article (1 Sam. xxi, 9) ; or again as an impromptu saddle (Matt, xxi, 7). Its most important use, however, was a coverlet at night (Exod. xxii, 27 ; Ruth iii, 9 ; Ezek. xvi, 8), whence the word is sometimes taken for bed-clothes (1 Sam. xix, 13 ; 1 Kings i, 1) ; the Bedouin applies his abba to a similar purpose (Niebohr, Description^ p. 56). On this account a creditor could not retain it after sun- set (Ezek. xxii, 26 ; Deut. xxiv, 12, 18 ; compare Job xxii, 6 ; xxiv, 7 ; Amos ii, 8). The custom of placing garments in pawn appears to have been very common, so much so that ::ih^y,pledge=a, garment (Deut. xxiv, 12, 18) ; the accumulation of such pledges is referred to in Hab. U, 6 (that loadeth hinuelf wUh Cd'^::^?, L e. pledges; where the A.y. following the Sept. and Ynlg. reads IS'^O 35, "thick day"); this custom prevailed in the time of our Lord, who bids his disciples give up the ifidnov=begedj in which they slept, as well as the Xtrutv (Matt, v, 40). At the present day it is not un- usual to seize the abba as compensation for an injury : (m instance is given in Wortabet's Sgrioy i, 298.