The ordinary mode of wearing the outer robe, called
DRESS
890
DKE>S
(Aba or abAffek, «t the present time, is exhibited In ligs. 2 and 6. The arms, when falling down, are oom- pleCelj covered by it, as in fig. 6 ; but in holding any weapon, or in active work, the lower part of the arm is ezpoeed, as in fi^. 2.
FIgia. 4, & Lg/p-uoM of the lower Orders.
h. The dress of the women differed from that of the men in regard to the outer garment, the hethnnetk be- ing worn equally by both sexes (Cant v, 8). The names of their distinctive robes were as follows : (1) wUipaeh'atk (rnD^p ; Sept. mpiZutfjia ; Y uig. paUwm^ Umiectmem; A. V. "Veil," *»wimple'0» a kind of shawl (Ruth iU, 15; Isa. ui, 22) ; (2) maataphahr (nfi^r^ ; Vulg. palUolum ; A. V. " mantle"), another kinV of shawl (Isa. iii, 22), but how differing fh>m the one Just mentioned we know not : the etymological mean- ing of the first name is erpatuion^ of the second envel- V^'*9f W i*a'ipk (r^rX; Otpurrpov; "veil"), a robe worn by Rebekah on approaching Isaac (Gen. xxiv, 65), and by Tamar when she assumed the guise of a harlot (Gen. xxxviii, 14, 19) — it was probably, as the Sept. represents it, a light summer dress of hand- some appearance (irtpu^iaXi rd Oipurrpov Koi iraX- XwjriffarOf Gen. xxxviii, 14), and of ample dimen- sions, so that it might be thrown over the head at pleasure; (4) radid' 0'''1'J; "veU"), a similar robe (Isa. iii, 23 ; Cant, v, 7), and substituted for the fmiph in the Chaldee version — we may conceive of these robes or shawls as resembling thepeplutn of the Greeks, which might be worn over the head (as represented in Smith's Did. of Ant. p. 753), or again as resembling the habarak and mUayek of the modem Egyptians (Lane, i, 73, 75) ; (6) pethiffU' (^''^'^nD ; x^^^ f^^^' ir6ppvpoQ; "stomacher"), a term of doubtftil origin, but prol>ably significant of a gay holiday dress (Isa. iii, 24) — to the various explanations enumerated by Cresenius (T%esaur. p. 1137), we may add one proposed by Saalchutz (Archteol. i, 31), ^PO, wide or fooliah^ and b*^a, pleasure^ in which case it = unbridled pUas- tine, and has no reference to dress at all ; (6) gUyonim' (Q^a^bft, Isa. iii, 23), also a doubtful word, explaiped in the Sept. as a transparent dress, {. e. of gauze (^c- a^avr^ AaKutviKo) — Schroeder (De VeH. mai/. HA. p. 311) supports this view, but perhaps the word means, as in the A. V., ^^gkuies.'' The garments of females were terminated by an ample border or fringe (bsb, b!lD ; 6wi<r9ta ; Mrts\ which concealed the feet (Isa. xlvii,2; Jer. xiii, 22).
Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate some of the peculiarities of fbmale dress : the former is an Egyptian woman (in
Fig. 6. An EgypiUn Woman. I'ifi 7 KW^mmdl^i^ era proTioce of L y^f^r i^^FTP*-
her walkifig dress) ; the latter repn-^nte tdffis.^ ably of great antiquity, still ^^'ini h\ i^ P^^ ^ the south of Europe: the cnicr nAtt, or UAgm** large piece of woollen stuff w< jund r-yanS tlk 4*^^ fc upper parts being attached at the ^li4^TiMeft; w^ piece of the same stuff is uk^ for tlw iHiMLv tarhah.
c. Having now completerl inir de^cfiptiaci tffiioi dress, we add a few remaili; rclctifv te ^ akA of equivalent terms in our o«ti lifl^B^ ^>Mi once strike every Biblical ptmlfiit »* i |^**** our Auth. Vers, that the satti*" Iji^li^h ¥•< ^^ represent various Hebrew iivunlpi: v. e. Ai* 'i* should l>e promiscuously wm 1 for mji*l(l*tit^ tsaiph (Gen. xxiv, 65), iuif^- WA ( Ijcth la, 14.* veh (Exod. xxxiv, 83) ; " kiIh"" for w%i fl 9m. nL 4), kethonetM (Isa. xxii, 21), n-irftmi iJ**.afL# mah (Mic. ii, 8); "mantle" frr m^i (1 ^m^v.fi addeirik (1 Kings xix, 13\ muntiTp^k *li«^i^ and "coat" for met/ (1 Sam. ii, ll'K fc-ii-^i^J iii, 21); and conversely that dnJeT^ut E^lW^ should be promiscuously is&J foi tie mm Mw one, as meii is translated "ismt," ''roiA,^ "^^^ adderelh^' rohe^" "mantle." Vnift-nnitrwfl^^ sirable, in as fisr as it can be siiubed, *? Art ft'tfj lish reader might nnderstiutil tbst tlw ^m B»^, term occurred in the original Uxt *hfi* ***J English term was found In tht^ traa«lslaiife. B^ uniformity, correctness of traii-btiun iwiU ia* desirable: the diflBcultyofalrniniDgtbi^ Lnlfcial^ of dress, with regard to which the cnrtrant im t^ ciations are so widely at variance in onr o« e«^ and in the East, is veiy great Take, fcr isittKttt keUumeth : at once an under gament, and jet »*^ frequently worn without anythiog orer &-* ^'•' being worn next the skin, and a ooaT,** fc»?* upper garment worn in a house: deprive tb H«j^ of his hethoneth, and he was positively naked; ^"^ the Englishman of his coat, and he lias ux»der pJ^ still. So again with the beged: in shape pwl»w?;|' a Scotch plaid, but the use of such a term wj unintelligible to most English resdere: in we"^ any garment with which we are funilisr, fcr i^ wear a great-coat or a doak in bad '**'^'^. the Hebrew and his beged were ineeparahte. - such difficulties attending the aabjcct, ".^ *"?•', render the Hebrew terms must be, mere « »* compromise between correctness and ^^^'^^^^ and the English terms which we tre about to^ must be regarded merely in the light ^'^'^T^ Kethonetk answers in many resperta to '**"*/ saUor's " frock" ia constantJy won aext *e«»