in the south and east of Palestine, but one Canaanitish nation being mentioned, and besides undoubted Re- phaites, the Horim probably of the same stock, and the ancient and pedigreeless nation of Amalek.
We thus find an indication of an old population of Palestine distinct from both Canaanites and Hebrews, and especiallj' remarkalde for their great height. That they were in race still more remote from their suc- cessors than has usualh' been held, has been argued from the Anakim's being spoken of as "of the Nephi- lim" (Num. xiv, 33), the term applied to the giants be- fore the Flood, where it is said "the Nephilim were in the earth in those days" (Gen. vi, 4). On this subject, compare Poole, The Genesis of the Earth and cf Man, 2d ed. p. 80-82, 284, 285, where it is maintained that the Nephilim were a pre-Adamite race.
IX. Literature. — Bochart, Phalec/ et Canaan, sive Geographia Sacra (Cadomi, 1G4G) ; IMichaelis, Sjjicile- gium Geographia:. exierm Hehraoritm (Gotting. 1769, 1780) ; Forster, Epistolte ad J. D. 3Iichaelem (Gotting. 1772) ; Volney, Recherches nouvelles (Paris, 1814), ch. xviii ; Feldhoff, Volkcstafel der Genesis (Elberf. 1837) ; Hohlenberg, Comment, de cap. x Geneseos (Hafn. 1828) ; Eichhorn, De Cuschceis veridiniUa (Amst. 1774); Krebs, De divisione Phalegria (Lips. 1750) ; Nagel, Commenta- iio exeget. in Act. xvii, 2G (Altd. 1740) ; Zacharia, Dis- sert, pliilol. in loc. eund. (Hal. 1754); Schulthess, Das Paradies (Zi'ir. 181G) ; Krlicke, Erllar. d. Vulkestafeln in erst B. Moses (Bonn, 1837) ; Rosenmiiller, Bihl. AU terthumsh. I, i, 221 sq. ; Knobel, Die Vulkestafel der Ge- nesis (Giess. 1850); MiillenhofF, in the Gotting. Anzei- ge?i, 1851, p. 17 sq. ; Joseph v. Gorres, Die Japhideif, und ihr Auszng aus Armenien (Regensb. 1845); Beke, Origines Biblicw (Lond. 1834) ; Forster, Hist. Geogra- phy ofArahiii (Lond. 1844); Hengstenberg,£]r7?/p< and the BooJcs of Moses (in Clarke's Library) ; Brace, Paces of the Old Woj-ld (N. Y. 18G3). Comp. Dispersion of Mankind ; Division of the Earth ; M^vn.
Ets-Aboth. See Thick-tree.
Ets-Gopher. See Gopher-wood.
Ets-Hadar. See Goodly-tkee.
Etshmiadzin, a remarkable Armenian convent in Erivan, a Transcaucasian province of Russia, and about IG miles west of the town of Erivan. " It is of great extent, is surrounded ly a wall 30 feet in height, and Ii miles in circuit. This wall incloses several distinct churches, each of which is presided over by a bishop ; is cruciform in shape, and is surmounted by a kind of cupola crowned by a low spire. For many centuries this has been the seat of the Catholics (the head or patriarch of the Armenian Church ). This patriarch presides at the .synodical meetings, but can- not pass a decree without its having the approval of the moderator, an official appointed b}' the Russian emperor, in whose hands the control of the convent virtually rests. In tlie convent library there are G35 manuscripts, 462 of which are in the Armenian lan- guage."— Chambers, Encycl. s. v.
Ets-Shemen. See Oil-tree.
Ettwein, John, a distinguished divine of the Mo- ravian Church, was born June 29, 1721, at Freuden- stadt, Wurtemberg. In 1754 he came to America, where for nearly half a century he labored as an evangelist, as a member of the executive board, and finally as a bishop, to which latter office he was appointed in 1784. He travelled thousands of miles, often afoot, and preached the Gospel in eleven of the original thirteen colonies, as also in what is now the State of Ohio, to white people, negroes, and Indians. In 1772 he was the leader of the Christian Indians on their exodus from the Susquehanna countr}' in Pennsylva- nia to the Tuscarawas in Ohio, exposing himself to great hardships and dangers. During the Revolu- tionary War be was in frequent intercourse and cor- respondence with Washington and several members
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of Congress ; and when the general hospital of the American armj^ was transferred to Bethlehem, Pa., he devott>d himself witli singular disinterestedness to the siiiritiial wants of the sick, in spite of his many other duties. To him, too, must be ascrilied the honor of originating, in 1787, " tlie Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Hea- then," wliich still exists, and now has a large funded capital, and to which Congress made a grant of sever- al townships on the Tuscarawas, in trust for the Chris- tian Indians. He died January 2, 1802. (E. de S.)
Etmi. See Linen.
Eubu'lus (Eriioi'Xoc, ffoodin counsel), a Christian at Koine whose greeting Paul sent to Timothy during his last imprisonment (2 Tim. iv, 21), A.D. 64.
Eucharist, one of the names of the Lord's Supper, from tvxtipi^oTia, giving ofthanJcs. See Lord's Supper.
Euchel, Isaac ben Abraham, a Jewish scholar, born in 1756, was a distinguished member of the Soci- ety for the Promotion of Biblical Literature and Ex- egesis, w-hich was formed in the days of Jlendelssohn (q.'V.). He is the author of a very learned treatise on th > ancient mode of i)urial among the Jews, 1st nack jit Uschen Gesetzen das Ueheriiachten der Todten wirMich verboten? (Breslau, 1797.) He published also a trans- lation of the Jewish Prayers, UV ^3123 <T!i'l^ C^'JnS, or 3fose Maimiini'' s Mose Nebuc/iim, with the Commentary of Mose Narboni, called '^212"iiil, and others (Sulzbach, 1828, 3 vols. 4to); a history of the life of Moses Mendelssohn (Berlin, 1798, Svo ; Vienna, 1^12) ; and as a part of the great Bible work started by iSlendLdssohn, Die Spruche Salomons im Original ins D iitsche ubprsetzt und hebriiisch commentirt (Svo, Berlin, 1789, 1790, and often).— Furst, BiUiotheca Ju- d'l'ica, p. 2.59, 260 ; Kitto, Cyclop, of Biblical Literature, s. v.