in which he advises the Greeks against the Council of Florence, and exposes the intrigues of the Latinists. This letter has been translated into Latin, with a reply by Joseph of Methane, in Labbe, Concilia, xiii, G77. An encyclical letter upon the same subject in Labbe, Concilia, xiii, 714; A Treatise on Liturgical Topics; A Profession of Faith, a fragment of which is given bj' AUatius, De Consensu, iii, 3. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Cen. xvi, 70G ; Fabricius, Blbliotkeca Grceca, xi, 670 ; Oudin, Scrijrt. Eccles. iii, 2343.
Eugenics Bialgaris. See Bulgaris.
Eugenius I, Pope, a son of the Roman Rufinianus, was elected bj' the Romans Sept. 8, G54, as successor to Martin I, who had been sent into banishment to the Thracian Chersonesus hj order of tlie emperor Con- stans II, who favored the schism of the Monothelites. Martin dying in the following year, Eugenius con- tinued in dispute with the court of Constantinople till he died, June 1, G57, and was succeeded by Vitalianus. In order to establish peace with the Greeks, his legates made an arrangement with Peter, the Mouothelite pa- triarch of Constantinople, that instead of one or two wills in Christ three should be assumed — one suhstan- \ tial, the two others natural. — Bower, History of the Pojies, iii, 70.
II, Pope, a native of Rome, succeeded Paschal I Feb. 14, 824, in the midst of great disorder, which occurred at Rome, owing to the corrupt state of society and mal- administration of tiiat cit}'. To reform these, the em- peror Louis the Good sent his son Lotharius to Rome, who corrected many abuses, which, by the account of Eginhardt and other chroniclers, had grown to an enormous extent. lie confirmed the right of electing the pope to the clergy and people of Rome ; and the Council of Rome, which he convoked on Nov. 1, 826, issued many beneficent decrees for the restoration of Cliurch discipline, for the establishment of schools, and against the worldh' occupations of clergj'men. He died Aug. 827. — Herzog, Real-Encyklopddie, iv, 214; Bower, History of the Popes, iv, 205.
III, Pope. He was a monk of Citeaux, disciple and friend of St. Bernard, and afterwards abbot of St. Anastasius. He was elected to the ]iontifical chair of Rome Feb. 27, 1145. He appears to have been a very sincere disciple of Bernard, and anxious, like him, .to reform the manners of the clergy and consolidate the papal power. Through the greater part of his pon- tificate, owing to the turbulence of the Roman people [see Arnold of Brescia], he was unable to reside in the cit}'. This circumstance, however, did not hin- der his being acknowledged as pope, or his exercising the functions of his office. During his reign the sec- ond crusade, xnider the preaching of St. Bernard, was undertaken. See Crusaders. Shortly after its mor- tif3'ing failure the pontiflT died at Tivoli, Julj' 8, 1153. See Neander, Bernard und s. Zeit. 190-29G ; Herzog, Real- Ency Hop. iv, 214.
I'V", Pope, Gabriele Condolmiere, a native of Venice, succeeded Martin V as pope Marcli 3, 1431. At the early age of twenty-four he was made liy pope Gregory XII, with wlidin he was related, bishop of Siena, and soon after (1408) cardinal. " His was a most stormy pontificate. He drove away the powerful fomily of Colonna, including the nephews of the late pope, from Rome, charging them with having enriched them- selves at the expense of the pajial treasury. He after- wards made war against the various lords of Romagna, who were supported bj' the Visconti of !!\Iilan. Rut tlie greatest annoyance to Eugenius proceeded from the Council of Basle, which had been convoked by his predecessor, and which protracted its sittings year af- ter .year, broaching doctrines very unfavorable to the papal supremac}'. See Basle, Council of. Eugeni- us, who had been obliged to escape from Rome in dis- guise on account of a popular revolt, and had taken up his residence at Bologna in 1437, issued a bull dis-
EUGIPPIUS
347
EULALIA
solving the council, recalling his nuncio who presided at it, and convoking another council at Fen-ara. See Ferrara. Most of the fathers assembled at Basle re- fused to submit, and summoned the pope himself to appear before them, to answer the charge of simonj^, schism, and others, and after a time proceeded against him as contumacious, and deposed him. Eugenius meanwhile had opened in person his new council at Ferrara in Februarj', 1438, in which, after annulling all the obnoxious decrees of the Council of Basle, he launched a bull of excommunication against the bish- ops who remained in that assembh^ which he charac- terized as a ' Satanic conclave, which was spreading the abomination of desolation into the bosom of the Church.' The Catholic world was divided between the two councils ; that of Basic proceeded to elect a new pope in the person of Amadeiis YIII of Savoy, who assumed the name of Felix V, and was solemnly crowned at Basle. Eugenius encouraged the Hunga- rians and Poles to break the peace they had solemnly sworn witli the Turks, under pretence that their oaths were not valid without the sanction of the pope ; he even sent cardinal Julian as his nuncio to attend the Christian army. The result was the battle of Varna, 1444, in which the Christians were completely defeat- ed, and king Ladislaus of Poland and cardinal Julian lost their lives. Eugenius died at Rome Feb. 23, 1447. He left the Church in a state of schism between him and his competitor Felix, his own states a prey to war, and all Christendom alarmed at the progress of the Turkish arms" (^English Cyclopcedia). See Bower, History of the Pojxs, vii, 238.