Garden ("jS, gan [fem. tlSJ, n*;'], a park or or- chard inclosed and planted ; Sept. 7rap«(j£i(Toc,', N. T. K^iTroQ.) See Field ; Orchard, etc.
1. Several gardens are mentioned in the Scriptures, as the garden of Eden (Gen. ii, 8, 9, 10, 15), Ahab's garden of herlis (1 Kings xxi, 2), the royal garden near the fortress of Zion (2 Kings xxi, 18 ; xxv, 4), the royal garden of the Persian kings at Susa (Esther i, 5; vii, 7, 8), the garden of .Joseph of Arimathea (Jolin xix, 41), and the garden of Gethsemane (John xviii, 1). It is clear, from Josh, v, 2, and Lam. ii, 6, that gardens ■were generally hedged or walled, as indeed Josephus expressly states respecting the gardens near Jerusa- lem (^IVar, v, 7). In Neh. ii, 5, and John xx, 15, gar- deners and keepers of gardens by occupation are indi- cated. See Gardener.
The traditional gardens and pools of Solomon, sup- posed to be alluded to in Eccl. ii, 5, G, are shown in the
wady Urtas (i. e. Hortus), about an hour and a quar- ter to the south of Bethlehem (compare Josephus, Ant. viii, 7, .3). Tlie Arabs perpetuate the tradition in thj name of a neighboring hill, which tliey call " Jebel- el-Fureidis," or "Mountain of the Paradise" (Stanley, Sin. and Pal. p. IGG). Maundrell is sceptical on the subject of the gardens {Earli/ Trav. in Pal, p. 457), but they find a champion in Van de Velde, who asserts tliat they " were not confined to the wady Urtas ; the liill- slopes to the left and right also, with their heights and hollows, must have been covered with trees and plants, as is shown by the names thej' still bear, as ' peach- hill,' 'nut-vale,' ' fig-vale,' etc. (^Syria and Pal. ii, 27). See SoLOMOx's Poor..
The "king's garden," mentioned in 2 Kings xxv, 4 ; Neh. iii, 15 ; Jer. xxxix, 4 ; lii, 7, was near the Pool of Siloam, at the mouth of the Tyropoeon, north of Bir Eyul), and was formed by the meeting of the valleys of Jehoshaphat and Ben-Hinnom (Wilson, Lands of the Bible, i, 498). Josephus places the scene of the feast of Adonijah at Enrogel, " beside the foun- tain that is in the royal paradise" (.4n<. vii, 14, 4; conip. also ix, 10, 4). See King's Dale.
Strabo (xvi, 7G3), alluding to one of the rose-gardens near Jericho, calls it o rov jiaXacmov Trapaciiryor. The rose-garden in Jerusalem, mentioned in the Mishna (^Maaseroth, ii, 5), and said to have been situated west- ward of the Temple mount, is remarkable as having been one of the few gardens which, from the time of the prophets, existed within the cit}' walls (Lightfoot, JIo?: Heh. on Matt, xxvi, 3G). The}' were usually planted without the gates, according to the gloss quoted by Lightfoot, on account of the fetid smell arising from the weeds thrown out from them, or from the manure employed in their cultivation. See Rose.
The gate Gennath, mentioned by Josephus ( Il'ar. v, 4, 2), is supposed to have derived its name from the rose-garden already mentioned, or from the fact of its leading to the gardens without the citj'. It was near the garden-ground bvtheGatc of the Women tliat Titus
Ancient Egyptian Garden.
GARDEN
UO
GARDEX
was surprised by the Jews -while reconnoitring the city. The trench by which it was surrounded cut off his re- treat (Joseph" War, v, 2). See GiiNNATii.
But of all the gardens of Palestine none is possessed of associations more sacred and imperishable than the garden of Gethsemane, beside the oil-presses on the slopes of Olivet. Eiglit aged olive-trees mark tiie site which tradition has connected with that memorable garden, and their gnarled stems and almost leafless branches attest an antiquity as venerable as that which is claimed for them. See Gethsemane.
The oran:i;e, lemon, and mulberry groves which lie around and behind Jafta supply, perhaps, the most striking peculiarities of Oriental gardens — gardens wliicii Maundrell describes as being " a confused mis- cellany of trees jumbled together, without either posts, walks, arbors, or anything of art or design, so that they seem like thickets rather than gardens" (Early Trav. in Pal. p. 416). The Persian wheels, which are kept ever working, day and night, by mules, to supply the gardens with water, leave upon the traveller's ear a most enduring impression (Lynch, Exp. to Jordan, p. 441 ; Siddon's Memou; 187). The gardens near Shc- chem, containing orange and citron trees (Schubert, Eeise, ii, 116), are described by Dr. Olin (Travels, ii, 350). See Forest.
2. Gardens are frequently represented in the tombs of Thebes and other parts of Egypt, many of which are remarkable for their extent. The one here intro- duced is shown to have been surrounded bj' an em- battled wall, with a canal of water passing in front of it, connected with the river. Between the canal and the wall, and parallel with them both, was a shad}' ave-
nue of various trees ; and about the centre was the en- trance, through a lofty door, whose lintel and jamljs were decorated with hierogh'phic inscriptions, contain- • ing the name of the owner of the grounds, who, in this instance, was the king himself. In the gateway were rooms for the porter, and other persons em])loyed about the garden, and probably the receiving-room for vis- itors, with the dJm and other trees along the whole length of the exterior wall : four tanks of water, bor- dered b)' a grass-plot, where geese were kept, and the delicate flower of the lotus was encouraged to grow, served for the irrigation of the grounds ; and small kiosks or summer-houses, shaded with trees, stood near tlie water, and overlooked beds of flowers. The spaces containing the tanks, and the adjoining portions of the garden, were each inclosed bj' their respective walls, and a small subdivision on either side, be;ween the large and small tanks, seems to have been reserved for the growth of particular trees, which either required peculiar care, or bore fruit of superior quality (Wilkin- son, Anc. Eg. i, 33-40, abridgm.).