baths and other appliances of luxurj' (Sus. 15 ; comp. 2 Sam. xi, 2). See Palace.
It would seem that the Jews were much in the hab- it of performing their devotions in gardens, on account of their retirement (Gen. xxiv, Co; Slatt. xvi, 30; xxvi, 36; John ii, 48; xviii, 1, 2). This interesting practice, however, was idolatrously abused ; fur the worship of idols in these shady seclusions was not of unfrequent occurrence, and is often mentioned in Scrip- ture (1 Kings xiv, 23; 2 Kings xvi, 4; xvii, 10; 2 Chron. xviii, 4; Isa. i, 29; Ixv, 3; Ixvi, 17; Jer. ii, 20 ; iii, 6; Ezek. xx, 28). See Grove.
Tlie custom of bur3'ing the dead in gardens is indi- cated in Gen. xxiii, 19, 20; 2 Kings xxi, 4, 18, 26; 1 Sam. XXV, 1; Mark xv, 46; John xix, 41; and still occurs sometimes in the East, but is not very preva- lent. AVe find it also among the Greeks (Ileliodorus, yEth'top. i, 2, p. 35), and the Romans (Suetonius, Ga/6a, 20). See Grave.
5. Gardens were planted not only with fragrant and beautiful plants (Cant, vi, 2 ; iv, 16), but with various fruit-bearing and other trees (Gen. ii, 9; Exod. xxiii,
J 11 ; Jer. xxix, 5 ; Amos ix, 14). Thus we find men- tion of nut-gardens (Cant, vi, 11, 14), pomegranate-gar- dens (Cant, iv, 13), olive - gardens (Deut. viii, 8 ; 1
j Chron. xxvii, 28), vine-gardens (Cant, iv, 2; viii, 8),
I Here, however, we are not to suppose that the gardens were exclusively occupied by these fruits, but that they were severally predominant in the gardens to
I which they gave name. The distinction, for instance, between a vine-garden and a vineyard would be, that, in the latter, the vine was cultivated solely for use, whereas in the former it was planted for solace and or- nament, to cover walls, and to be trained in arbors and on trellises. The quince, medlar, citron, almond, and service trees are among those enumerated in the Mish- na as cultivated in Palestine {Kilaim, i, 4). Gardens of herbs, or kitchen-gardens, are mentioned in Deut. xi, 10, and 1 Kings xxi, 2. Cucumbers were grown in them (Isa. i, 8 ; Bar. vi, 70), and probably also melons, leeks, onions, and garlic, which arc spoken of(Numlj. xi, 5) as the productions of a ncighlioring country. In addition to these, the lettuce, mustard-plant (Luke xiii, 19), coriander, endive, one of the bitter herbs eat- en with th ! paschal lamb, and rue, are particularized in the precepts of the Mishna, though it is not certain that they were all, strictly speaking, cultivated in the gardens of Palestine {Kilaim, i, 8). It is well known that, in the time of the Romans, the art of gardening was carried to great perfection in Sj'ria. Plinj' (xx, 16) speaks of it as proverbially elaborate, and again (xii, 54) he describes the balsam plant as growing in Judffia alone, and there only in two roj'al gardens. It is evident that the gardens of the Hebrews were in a very considerable degree devoted to the culture of medicinal herbs, the preparation of which in various ways was a matter of much solicitude with them (Jer. viii, 22). This is still the case in the East, where veg- etable simples are employed in medicine. See Med- icine. In addition to the ordinary productions of the country, we are tempted to infer from Isa. xvii, 10, that in some gardens care was bestowed on the rearing of exotics. To this conclusion the descrip- tion of the gardens of Solomon in the Targum on Eccl. ii, 5, 6 seems to point : " I made me well-watered gar- dens and paradises, and sowed there all kinds of plants, some for use of eating, and some for use of drinking, and some for purposes of medicine ; all kinds of plants of spices. I planted in them trees of emptiness (i. e. not fruit-bearing), and all trees of spices which the spectres and daemons brought me from India, and ev- ery tree wliich produces fruit ; and its border was from the wall of the citadel, which is in Jerusalem, by the waters of Siloah. I chose reservoirs of water, which, l)ehold ! are for watering the trees and the plants, and I made me fish-ponds of water, some of them also for the plantation which rears the trees to water it." In
GARDENER
r42
GARDINER
large gardens the orchard (C'H'IQ, TrapdSeirroc) was proliably, as in Egj-pt, the inclosure set apart for the cultivation of date and sycamore trees, and trees of va- rious kinds (Cant, iv, 13 ; Eccles. ii, 5). Schroeder, in the preface to his Thesaurus Linguce Armenicw, asserts that the word " pardes" is of Armenian orit^in, and denotes a garden near a house, planted with herbs, trees, and flowers. It is applied by Diodorus Siculus (ii, 10) and Berosus (quoted by Josephus, Ant. x, 2, 1) to the famous hanging gardens of Babj'lon. Xeno- phon (Anab. i, 2, 7) describes the "paradise" at Celae- nas in Phrygia, where Cyrus had a palace, as a large preserve full of wild beasts ; and Aulus Gellius (ii, 20) gives '■^vivaria" as the equivalent of Traodceiaoi (comp. Philostratus, Vi(. Apol. Tyan. i, 38). The offi- cer in charge of such a domain was called " the keeper of the paradise" (Neh. ii, 8). See Paradise.