The law against the propagation of mixed species (Lev. xix, 19; Dent, xxii, 9, 11) gave rise to numer- ous enactments in the Mishna to insure its observance. The portions of the field or garden, in which the vari- ous plants were sown, were separated by light fences of reed, ten palms in height, the distance between the reeds being not more than three palms, so that a kid could not enter (^Kilaim, iv, 3, 4). — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. V. See Diverse.
See Schroder, De hortis Ileirceor. (iNIarburg, 1722) ; Bradlej', Descript. aconom. et hortlc. vett. (Lond. 1725) ; Van Goeus, De K)jTror(t(pi^ (Utr. 1763). See Agri- culture.
GARDENER (/<:>; 7roi~poc), a class of workmen al- luded to in Job xxvii, 18, and mentioned in John xx, 15 ; but how far the art of gardening was carried among the Hebrews we have few means of ascertain- ing. That they were acquainted with the process of grafting is evident from Rom. xi, 17, 24, as well as from the minute prohibitions of the Mishna; and the method of propagating plants by la3-ers or cuttings was not unknown (Isa. xvii, 10). Buxtorf says that ■"C^nX, arisin (JMishna, Bikkurim, i, 2) [or, rather, nD'^"X ?"n], were gardeners who tended and looked after gardens on consideration of receiving some por- tion of the fruit {Lex. Talm. s. v.) ; but that gardening was a special means of livelihood is clear from a prov- erb which contains a warning against rash specula- tions : " Who hires a garden eats the birds ; who hires gardens, him the birds eat" (Dukes, Rahhin. Blumen- lese, p. 141). — Smith, s. v. See Garden.
GARDEN-HOUSE is the rendering of the A.V. at 2 Kings ix, 27, of "".tl r/^S ; where, however, a place is rather denoted. See Beth-iiaggan.
Muilti-n (Jiiental Gi'.ruen-liouse.
Garden-houses are usual in the East, especially in the grounds of kings and wealthy persons. In Cant, i, IG, the bride, looking out from her boudoir into the gaj'h'-planted court-yard, acknowledges the taste and affection of her beloved as she spies the summer-house, all shaded with verdure, and containing the divan (O'l^l), that invited to the luxurious repose of which Orientals are so fond. See Garden.
Gardiner, James, Colonel, son of captain Pat- rick Gardiner, of the British service, was born at Car- riden, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, Jan. 11, 1G88, and at fourteen became ensign in a Scotch regiment in the Dutch service. In 1702 he obtained a commission in the English armj', and was severely wounded at the battle of Ramilies in 1706. In several other battles he gave distinguished proofs of capacity' and cour- age. His licentious hal its, with his successful ad- ventures in gallantry', gained for him among his dissolute companions the distinction of the "happy rake." But he was'not happj'. Passages of the Bi- ble which were still imprinted on his memory, and the thought of his mother's pious character and early instructions, often recurred to make him miserable ; and at one time, while entertaining a party of profli- gate 3'oung men bj' his licentious wit, he felt so de- graded in his own estimation, and so inwardly wretch- ed, that, a dog lying at his feet, the wish involuntarily rose in his 1 reast, "Would I were as happy as that dog !" In 1719 he became the subject of profound re- ligious impressions. The circumstances, as narrated by Dr. Doddridge, contain much that is marvellous, if not supernatural. " Doddridge himself hints at the possibility of the whole being a dream instead of a ' visible representation of the Lord Jesus Christ upon the cross, surrounded on all sides with a gloiy,' etc. He also mentions that Gardiner 'did not seem very confident' whether the voice which came to him was realh' 'an audible voice, or only a strong impression on his mind equally striking.' Considerable doubt has recently been cast on the whole story by the pub- lication of the Avtohiograjihy of Dr. Alexander Carlyle, edited by John Hill Burton (Edinb., Blackwood and Sons, 1860), in which Carlyle denies altogether the truth of Doddridge's version of the storj', at least of the supernatural portion of it. The attendant circum- stances, however, are of little moment one way or an- other ; the great fact is the conversion of the brave but wicked soldier into a pious and excellent Chris- tian, and regarding this there has never been any doubt. In 1724 Gardiner was raised to the rank of major, and in 1726 he married lady Frances Erskine, daughter of the fourth earl of Buchan, hj whom ho had thirteen children, onh' five of whom survived him." On his becoming the head of a family he com- menced the practice of domestic worship — the presence of no guest, the intervention of no engagement, was ever allowed to interfere with its daily performance. He was also regular in attendance on public worship on the Sabbath, and established a system according to which all the servants accompanied him to church. In 1730 he became lieutenant colonel of dragoons, and in 1743 colonel of a new regiment of dragoons. He was killed at the battle of Preston Pans in 1745. — Chambers, Encijclopadia, s.v. ; Doddridge, Life of Col. Gardiner', Jamieson, Religions Biography, s. \.
Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, was born at Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, in 14So. He was the illegitimate son of Dr. Woodville, bishop of Salis- bury, the brother of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. He was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridi;e, and in 1520 took the degree of LL.D. Having thoroughly studied the civil and canon law, he became Wolscy's secretary, and rose to the highest posts under Henrj' VIII, whom he served diligcntlj' in the matter of the divorce. At first he sided with the Reformers, but, beinp; unwilling to be second to Cranmer, he took the