GAREB
V43
GARLAND
Roman Catholic side during Henrj^'s lifetime. Gardi- ner drew up articles accusini; Henry VIII's last queen, Catharine Parr, of heresy ; but the queen avoided the storm and he fell into disgrace. At Henry's death Gardiner experienced a still greater reverse. The voun" king and his government made great religious i;h:ui"-es, to which Gardiner set himself in opposition. The council committed him to the Fleet. "Here he was confined until the act of general amnesty, which passed in the December after tlie accession of Edward, released him. As soon as he was free he went down to his diocese, and while there he remained unmolest- ed ; but on his return to London, on account of a cer- tain sermon which he preaclied on St. Peter's day, he was seized and committed to the Tower (15-18). Va- rious conferences were held with him, and his release was promised him on condition that he would express his contrition for the past, promise obedience for the future, subscribe the new settlement in religion, ac- knowledge the royal supremacy, and the abrogation of the six articles. With the first of these conditions alone did he absoluteh^ refuse to comply. The terms of liberation were afterwards rendered still more diffi- cult. The number of articles that he was called upon to subscribe was considerably increased. On his refu- sal to sign them his bishopric was sequestered, and he was soon afterwards deprived. For more than five j'ears he suffered close imprisonment, and it was not until the beginning of the reign of Mary that his lib- erty was restored (1553). If his fall from power at the conclusion of Henry's reign had been sudden, still more sudden was the rapidity of his reinstatement. A lioman Catholic queen was on the throne, and he who had been ever the foremost of her partisans must necessarily be raised to be one of her first advisers. The chancellorship was conferred upon him. His bishopric was restored, and the conduct of affairs placed in his hands. The management of the queen's mar- riage-treaty was intrusted to him. He was chosen to officiate at her marriage, as he had also done at her coronation, and became her most confidential adviser. No matters, whatever thej^ might be, could be pro- ceeded in without his privity and concurrence ; and he liad his full share in the persecutions of this reign. The liorrors whicli were not committed by his actual orders must at least have obtained his sanction, for he had reached a height of power, both civil and ecclesi- ;.stical, perhaps unequalled in tliis kingdom except by liis master Wolsey alone. He died Nov. 12, 1555. A list of his writings is given in Tanner's Blbl. Britan- nico-IIibernicct (p. 308). The character of Gardiner may be stated in a few words. He was a man of great abilitj' ; his general knowledge was more re- markable than his learning as a divine. lie was am- bitious and revengeful, and wholly unscrupulous. His first object was his own preservation and advancement, and liis next the promotion of his party interest. He saw deeplj' into the characters of those with whom he dealt, dealt with them with remarkable tact, and had an accurate foresight of affLiirs" (Enrjlish Cydopccdia, s. v.). See Burnet, Hist, of English Reformation, pas- sim ; Hook, Ecdes. Biography, v, 25G ; Collier, Eccles. History of Great Britain, vi, 125.
Ga'reb (Heb. Gareb', ^'•^i,, scabby; Sept. rapift and rapi'iji), the name of a man and of a hill.
1. An Ithrite (q. v.), i. e. descendant of Jethro or Jether, and one of David's thirt_y heroes (2 Sam. xxiii, 38 ; 1 Chron. xi, 40). B.C. 1046. See David.
2. A hill (il^^aS) near Jerusalem, apparently on the north-west (Jer. xxxi, 39). See Jerusalem. Accord- ing to Dr. Barclay, it is "the ridge running from the north-west corner of the city in the direction of AVely Kamat" (City of the Great King, p. 7(1). See Gaxii. He thinks it may have been so called because Gareb the Ithrite once owned it, or because it contained quar- ries for the seclusion of the lepers.
Gargoyle, a projecting spout, used in Gothic tecture to throw water from the gutter of a building, so as not to drop down the wall. Garg03'les are usuallj^ carved into the resem- blance of the human figure or of grotesque animals, real or imag- inarj'. They are placed on cornices and on but- tresses, and form sali- ent features in many buildings of the early
archi-
St. Stephen's, \"icnna.
St. Alkmund's Churcli, Derby; lloreley Cliurch, Deiby^hiro ; circa 1450. circa 1450.
English and decorated styles of the Gothic architec- ture. (G. F. C.)
Garissoles, Antoixe, a French Protestant min- ister, was born at Montauban in 1587. He was or- dained and appointed pastor at Puj'laurens in IGIO. In 1620 he was sent to Montauban, and in October, 1627, he was made professor of theology at that place. In 1645 he presided at the Synod of Charenton, and distinguished himself bj' his lirmness in resisting de- mands made by the government which would have destroj'ed the Protestant liberties. He attacked at this S3'nod the theory of mediate imputation as held by Placasus (q. v.). AVhen the Protestant schools were disorganized, owing to the irregularity with which they received their subsidies, he remained at his post, with no hope of remuneration, and by teaching all branches of theology supplied the places of his ab- sent colleagues as well as his own. He died at Mon- tauban July, 1651. Among his works are La voie du Salut, exposee en huit sermons (Montauban, 1637, 8vo) : — Decreti synodici Carentoniensis de imjmtatione primi peccati Adm erplicatio et defensio (Montauban, 1648, 8vo) : — Theses theologicm de religione et cultu sive adora- tione religiosa (Montauban, 1648, 4to) :• — Disjiutationes elenchtiC(B de cajntibus fidei inter reformatos et pontijicios controversis in acad. Montalb., habitce sub prcesidiis Ant- Garissolii et Joan. Verderii (Jlontauban, 1650, 8vo): — Catecheseos ecclesiariim in Gallia et alibi reformatarum Explicatio, opus a Paido Carolo inchoatum et ab. Ant. Garissolio continuatum el absolutxim (Geneve, 1656, 4to). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xix, 491, 492.