Gar'izim (Vapii^iv v. r. Papi^f/j'), a Gracized form (2 Mace, v, 23 ; vi, 2) of Mount Gerizim (q. v.).
Garland (jTrk^ifia, Acts xiv, 13). See Wreath. It was customarj' in heathen sacrifices to adorn vic- tims with fillets and garlands ; but commentators are not agreed as to the purpose to which the "garlands" mentioned in the above passage are to be applied. As tlie idolaters used to put garlands on the head of their idol before they offered sacrifice, it has been thought by others that they were intended to be set on tlie heads of tlie apostles. They were generally composed of such trees or plants as were esteemed most agreea- ble to the god who was the immediate oliject of wor- ship (see Kuinol and others, in loc). See Rose, De ari(pavo(popi(Ti (Jena, 1669) ; Schmid, De Coronis (Lips. 1701); Gerhard, id. (Jen. 1640; ; Schmeizel, id. (ib.
GARLANDS
744
GARMITE
1713) ; Paschalis, id. (L. B., 1671) ; Grefe, De coronis epularibus (Lips. 1G70). See Crown ; Wedding.
Garlands in the marriage service. It was usual ill the early Church to crown persons contracted in ir.arriage with garlands (Chrysostom, Horn. ix,m 1 Tim.). This practice was derived from the heathen ceremonies ; but, as it was deemed innocent, the Chris- tians made no scruple to adopt it. It is still practised in the Greek Church. At funerals, however, the cus- tom of crowning the corpse and the coffin was rejected as savoring of idolatry (Tertullian, De Corona Alilitis, c. x). It was usual to strew flowers on the grave. — Riddle, Christian Antiquities., bk. vii, eh. iii.
Garlic (nVlJ, skum, so called from its odor; Sept. (T(,-i)()oroj',Viilg. allium, A.V. ''garlick") occurs onlj' once in Scripture, and that in the plural, Numb, xi, 5; where tlie Israelites are described as murmuring, among other things, for the leeks, the onions, and the garlic of Egypt. Tliere can be no doubt of its being correctly so translated, as the same Arabic word (thum) still signifies a species of garlic which is cultivated and esteemed throughout Eastern countries (Celsii Jlkrohot. ii, 53). Ancient authors mention that garlic was cultivated in Egj'pt (Pliny, xix, 32). Herodotus (ii, 125) enumerates it as one of the suljstances upon which a large sum (IGOO talents) was spent for feeding laborers employed in building the Pyramids, although Hasselquist expresses a doubt whether it was cultiva- ted in tliat country (Truv. p. 5G2). Tiie species con- sidered to have been thus referred to is AUium Aaca- lonicum, whicli is the most common in Eastern coun-
Allitini Ascaloniciim.
tries, and obtains its specific name from having been brought into Europe from Ascalon (see Jac. de Vitri- aco, in the Gest. Francor. iii, 1142). It is now usually known in the Ivitchen garden hy the name of "escha- lot" or "shallot." Its ranker congener is the com- mon garlic {.iViuni sativum). Sec the Penny Cyclopm- dia, s. V. Allium. Kosellini, however, thinks he has discovered it upon a painting in Beni Hassan. The Talmudists frcquenth' mention the use of this plant among the Jews, and their fondness of it (Kilaini, i, 3; vi, 10; Maaser.y, H; Tei'ian. \n,7 ; Nedar. \ui, G, etc.). It formed a favorite viand with the common people among the Greeks and Romans (Plinj', xx, 23; Plautus, Jfostcll. I, i, 38 ; Horace, Ep. iii, 3 ; Suetonius, Vesp.8). Sec Botany. Garment (represented by several Heb. and Greek ♦words) [see Ai-i-arel ; Clothing: I)res.s ; Rai- ment; Vesture, etc.]. For a list of modern Arabic garments, see Thomson, Land and Book, i, 1G7 sq. In 2 Kings xi, 13, it is said, "Then they hasted and took every man his garment, and |TUt it under him on the top of the stairs, and blew with trumpets, saying, Jehu is king." Here the3' laid down their garments in-
stead of carpets. The use of carpets was common in the East in the remoter ages. The kings of Persia al- ways walked upon carpets in their palaces. Xeno- phon reproaches the degenerate Persians of hifi time that the}' placed their couches upon carpets, to repose more at their ease. The spreading of garments in the street before persons to whom it was intended to show- particular lionor was an ancient and very general cus- tom. Thus the people spread their garments in the way before our Saviour (Matt, xxi, 8), where some also strewed branches. In the Agamemnon of uEschy- lus,the hypocritical Clytemnestra commands the maids to spread out carpets before her returning husband, that, on descending from his chariot, he may place his foot "on a purple-covered path." We also find this custom among the Romans. When Cato of Utica left the Macedonian army, where he had become legionarj' tribune, the soldiers spread their clothes in the way. The hanging out of carpets, and strewing of flowers and branches in modern times, are remnants of ancient customs. See Rendinc; ; Sewing.
A number of sumptuous and magnificent habits was, in ancient times, regarded as an indispensable part of the treasures of a rich man. Thus the patriarch Job, speaking of the riches of the wicked, sa3's, "Though he heap up silver as the dust, and prepare raiment as the clay" (Job xxvii, 16). Joseph gave his brethren changes of raiment, but to Benjamin he gave " three hundred pieces of silver, and five changes of raiment" (Gen. xlv, 22). Naainan carried for a present to the prophet Elisha ten changes of raiment (2 Kings v, 5). In allusion to this custom, our Lord, when describing the short duration and perishing nature of earthly treasures, represents them as subject to the depreda- tions of the moth, from which the inhabitants of the East find it exceedingly difficult to preserve their stores of garments : " Lay not u|) for yourselves treas- ures on earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt" (Matt, vi, 19). Paul, when ajipealing to the integrity and fidelity with which he had discharged his sacred office, mentions apparel with other treasures: he says, " I have coveted no man's gold, or silver, or apparel" (Acts XX, 33). The apostle James likewise (as do the Greek and Roman writers, when they particularize the opulence of those times) specifies gold, silver, and gar- ments as the constituents of riches : " Go to now, ye rich men ; weep and howl for your miseries that shall come upon j'ou. Your riches are corrupted, and your garments moth-eaten" (James v, 1, 2). We find that the custom of hoarding up splendid dresses still exists in Palestine and the East. It appears that even Sulo- mon received raiment as presents (2 Chron. ix, 24). Asiatic princes and grandees keep changes of raiment readj' made, for piTsents to persons of distinction whom they wish particularly to honor. The simple and uni- form sliape of the clothes makes this custom practica- ble, and accounts also for the change of one person's dress for another's, which is mentioned in sacred his- torJ^ This will, perhajis, apply to the parable of the wedding garment, and to the behavior of the king, who expected to have found all his guests clad in rolies of honor (Gen. xxvii, 15; Deut. xxii, 5; 1 Sam. xviii, 4; 2 Kings v, 5, 22; Matt, xxii, 11; Luke xv, 22). The "changeable suits of apparel" in Isa. iii, 22, should be propcrlj' "embroidered robes." See Banquet, etc.