The true grass- hopper ((?n///ifs<7?"os- sus) belongs to a tribe of neuropter-
ous insects stvled
r< ii-j„ A v „„ Antique repre-entation of an (Jld Man
Gryllidffi, and it ap- ^^^^^g,. ^,1^ f^,.„, ^,. ^ Gr.a..l>opp«-,
pears from modern pieBenting .^n offering at the slirine travellers that it is of Venus. From the Florentine ccl- not unknown in Pal- I'^c'^o" "^ ^enis. estine. Its habits greatly resemble those of its con- gener, the Oriental locust : it has mandibles or jaws peculiarly fitted for devouring green vegetables, and in many parts even of America its ravages often be- come quite formidable. See Insect.
Grate ("13--, mlkhar', something twined, from 123, to braid; Sept. tirxaon)) » network of brass for the bottom of the great altar of sacrifice (Exod. xxvii, 4; XXXV, IG; xxxviii, 4. 5, 30; xxxix, 39), placed horizont<ally in the fire-bed so as to allow the cinders, ashes, etc. to pass through, and a draught of air to sup- ply the fire upon it. See Altak.
Gratiae. See Grace.
Gratian or Gratianus, an Italian Benedictine and distinguished canonist, was born towards the close of the 11th century. He appears to have first entered the convent of Classe, near Eavcnna. from whence he removed to that of St. Felix de Bologna, where lie wrote his Decretum. According to his contemporarj-, Robert of Mont St. Michel, he liecame subsequently bishop of Chiusi, which fact is also asserted by an Ital- ian biographer in the 14th century. The latter adds that Gratian, having sent liis Decretum to tlie pope by a priest, the latter claimed to be tlie author of it, but the fraud having been detected, the pope indemnified
GRATIAN
969
GRAUL
Gratian by creating him bishop of Chiusi. Many oth- ers, before Gratian, had attempted to make a compre- hensive collection of the canons issued by the popes and councils. See Canons and Decketals, Col- lections OF. Making special use of the works of Burchard of Worms and of Anselm of Lucca, Gratian classified the canons and commented on them. He called his works Discordaniia concordantia Canonum, but his contemporaries, and especially Alexander III, called it Decreta, which was afterwards changed into Decretmn. The Decretum is composed of three parts, called in Gratian's time De MiimteTiix, De Xegotiis, and De Sacrameniis, and subsequentlj' Distincliones, Causa, and De Consecratlone. The first part was divided into 101 distinctiones by Paucapalea, disciple of Gratian. The first 20 treat on the subjects and authority of law, the remaining 71 on the details of canonical legislation as regards the appointment, ordination, etc. of the clergy. The second part, divided by Gratian himself into 36 causce, treats of the practical apjilication of the law, and is the distinguishing feature of the Decrelum. In the Causm, Gratian was the first to apply the scho- lastic method to canon law. The third part, treating chiefly on some points of liturgy, was divided into five distinctiones by Paucapalea. Gratian's plan, as can be seen, was very inferior; yet the Decretum was vastlj' superior to the collections which preceded it. "Fleu- ry, in his Trolsieme Dlscours sur Vllist. £crlesiaslique, says that Gratianus, liesides so consolidating the au- thority of the false decretals that for three centuries after no other canons were referred to but those of his collection, went even further in extending the authori- ty of the pope by maintaining that he was not himself subject to the canons ; an arbitrary assertion destitute of evidence, but which contributed to establish in the Latin, or Western Church, a confused notion that the authority of the i)0pe was without bounds. Gratianus also maintained, upon apocryphal or mutilated author- it}', that clergymen are not subject to secular jurisdic- tion. This principle is illustrated in a celeln-ated an- swer of Innocent III to the Eastern emperor, in which that pope contends that the temporal sovereign has the jurisdiction of the sword over those who bear a sword, that is to say, over lajMiien only, as no one can be the judge of the servants of another. The grosser errors and the apocrypha of the Decretum were corrected and expurgated in the improved edition executed bj' order of Gregory XIII, 1582; but still many assertions favor- able to the absolute supremacy, as well as to the tem- poral authority of the popes, were allowed to remain in it, as being sanctioned by ages, though contrar}- to the ancient discipline of the Church. These are what are styled in France, and other countries north of the Alps, the ultramontane doctrines of the Roman Curia." The true reason of its success was its adoption by the school of Bologna as the most comprehensive and sj'Stemat- ic collection, and its subsequent adoption in all the schools. This was but right, for Gratian is the real author of the science of canon lavr, which before him was onl}' incidentally' taught in the theological schools. The Decretum soon found hosts of commentators. To- wards the end of the Jliddle Ages there were as many glosses and commentaries on the Decretum as on the Pandects, yet no one had ever thought of verifying the text of Gratian in the original sources from whence they were taken until I'ius IV instituted the Correc- tores Romani for that purpose. Tlie work was com- pleted in 1580, under Gregory XIII, and two years after the corrected Z>ec)'<?/!Mi was put)lished at Rome (fol.) as the first part of the Corpus Juris canonici. It is to be found in all the editions of the latter, and has also been often printed separately, sometimes with glosses and sometimes without. The first edit, is Strasburg, 1471, fol. There have been seventy-six others in the space of a century and a half. The l)cst text is in Richter's Corpus Juris canonici (Lpz. 1833-39, 4to). Among the commentaries we remark those of Joan, a Turrecre-