mata, Comimntarii super toto Decreto (Lyons, 1519 and 1520, 3 vols. fol. ; Venice, 1578, 4 vols, fol.); Bellemera, Bemissarius, seu commentarii in Gratiani Decretum (Ly- ons, 1550, 3 vols fol.") ; Berardus, Gratiani Canones r/tn- uini ah apocryphis discre/i, corrtipti, ad emendatiorem codicum Jidem exact!, difficiliores commoda i7iterpreta^ tione illustrati (Turin, 1752, 4 vols. 4to). See Sarti, De Claris Archiffi/mnasii Boniensis P?'ofcssoribics, i, 247 ; J. A. Riegger, De Gratiano auctore Decreti (Riegger's Opuscida academica) and De Gratiani CoUectione Ca- nonum illiusque methodo ac mendis ; Florens, Disserta- tio de methodo atque auctoritate Collectionis Gratiani; J. B. Bijhmer, De varia Decreti Gratiani fortuna (Boh- mer's Corpus Juris canon.) ; Spittler, Beitrage z. Ge- schickte Gratians (^Magazinf. Kirchenrecht, L))z. 1778) ; Ant. Augustinus, De emendatione Gratiani Dialogorum lihri duo ; Le Plat, De sjmriis in Gratiano canonihus , A. L. Richter, Beitrdge z. Kenntniss d. Quellen d. canoni- schen Rechts ; A. Theiner, Disquisiiio7ies criticm in prce- cijntas canonum et decretalium collectiones ; Philipps, Ze Droit canoniqiie dans ses sources. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 724 sq. See Canons.
Gratianus, emperor of Rome, son of Valentinian I, was born in 359, and on the death of his father, A.D. 375, succeeded to a share of the Western Empire. On the death of his uncle Valens, A.D. 378, he ob- tained control of the whole empire ; but in 379 he ap- pointed Theodosius his colleague, giving him the East- ern provinces. He was killed A.D. 383, in a revolt in Gaul. Gratian was tolerant towards the various sects which divided Christianity, but he displayed a stern determination against the remains of the heathen wor- ship. At Rome he overthrew the altar of Victory, which continued to exist ; he confiscated the property attached to it, as well as the property belonging to the other priests and the Vestals. He also refused to as- sume the title and the insignia of Pontifex Maximus, a dignity till then considered as annexed to that of emperor. These measures gave a final blow to the ol(j worship of the empire; and although the senators, who for the most part were still attached to it, sent him a deputation, at the head of which was Symmachus, they could not obtain any mitigation of his decrees. — • Engl. Cyclopedia ; Mosheim, C/iurch Hist. cent, iv, pt. ii, ch. v, § 15.
Gratus (pleasing, Gracized Fparoc), Valerius, procurator of Judaa from A.D. 15 to 2G, being the first appointed bj' Tiberius, and the immediate predecessor of Pilate (.Tosephus, Ant. xviii, G, 5). The government of Gratus is chiofl}- remarkable for the frequent changes which he made in the Jewish high-priests. He de- posed Ananus and substituted Ishmael, son of Fabi; next Eleazar, son of Ananus ; then Simon, son of Ca- mithus; and lasth' Joseph Caiaphas, son-in-law of Ananus (ib. 2, 2). He put down two formidable bands of robl)ers that infested Judaja during his procurator- ship, and killed with his own hand the captain of one of them, Simon, formerly a slave of Herod the Great (ib. xvii, 10, G, 7 ; War, ii, 4, 2, 3). Gratus assisted the proconsul Quintilius Varus in quelling an insur- rection of the Jews (War, ii, 5, 2).— Smith, Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v. See Jud^a.
Graiil, Karl.D.D., a German theologian, was born Feb. G, 1814, at WOrlitz, near Dessau. After studying thcologj' at Leipzic, he was for a time tutor in an Eng- lish family residing in Italy. On his return he was appointed teacher in a school at Dessau, and in 1844 director of the missionary society of Dresden. During his management, which lasted for 18 years, this socie- ty had an almost tenfold increase of its annual reve- nue, and from being a society merely of the little king- dom of Saxony, became a general Lutheran missionary societj' of Continental Europe. In order to give to the pupils of the missionary seminary an opportunity to at- tend the lectures of a university, Graul caused, in 1848, its transfer from Dresden to Leipzic. He concentrated
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all the eflfovts of the Church upon the missionar}' work aiiiniig tlieTaiiiuls in South India, and from 1849 to 1853 made himself a journey through Palestine and Egypt to India, to examine the condition and the prospects of tiie mission. A\'iiile in India he devoted a special attention to the studj^ of the language and literature of the Taniuls, as the result of which he published the Bib- Uotheca Tamulica (Leipz. 1854-50, 3 vols.). He also published an account of his journej' in 6 vols. {Reise nach Osliiuh'en, Leipz. 1854-56). In the question of caste, Graul was opposed to the practice of all the Eng- lish and American missionary societies, and in favor of tolerating the differences of caste among the Chris- tian converts. He published, in defense of his views, in 1852, a pamphlet in the English language at Jladras, and in 18G1 another in the German language at Leiji- zic (Die Stellung der evawjel.-luilier. Missiun in Leipzir/ ziir ostind. Kastenfrage, 1801). He resigned his place as director of the missionarj' scminarj' at Leipzic, and in 1862 went to Erlangen with a view of connecting himself with the universitj', but a serious sickness pre- vented him from carrA'ing out this design. He died Nov. 10, 1864. Of the numerous works of Graul, that which had the greatest circulation was a small treatise on the differences of doctrine between the Christian de- nominations (Z>iC Unlerscheidunrjslehren der verschiede- nen hirchl. Bekenntnlsse, Lpz. 1845; revised b}' Harnack, 1807), in which he shows an extreme unfairness in his remarks on Pietists and Methodists. The most note- worthy among his other works is one on Irenaius (^Die chrlsil. Kirche cm der Schicclle des iren. Zeitalters, Lpz. 1860) .— Herzog, Real-Emyldop. xix, 578. (A. J. S.)