The generic character of the Heb. word nets appears from the expression in Dent, and Lev. " after his kind," as including various species of the Fulconid(e, with more especial allusion, perhaps, to the small diurnal birds, such as the kestrel {Falco tinninculus) , the hobby {Hy- potriorchis subhuteo), the gregarious lesser kestril {Tin- nunculus cenchris), common about the ruins in the plain districts of Palestine, all of which were probably known to the ancient Hebrews. With respect to the passage in Job (1. c), which appears to allude to the migratory habits of hawks, it is ciurious to observe that of the ten or twelve lesser raptors of Palestine, nearly all are sum- mer migrants. The kestrel remains all the year, but T. cenchris, Micronisus gabar. Hyp. eleonorw, and F. niela- nopterus, are all migrants from the south. Besides the above-named smaller hawks, the two magnificent spe- cies, F. sacer and /•'. lunurius, are summer visitors to Pal- estine. These two species of falcons, and perhaps the hobby and goshawk {Astur pedumharius), are employed by the Arabs in SjTia and Palestine for the purpose of taking partridges, sand-grouse, quails, herons, gazelles, hares, etc. Dr. Russell {Xut. Hist, of Aleppo, ii, 196, 2d ed.) has given the Arabic names of several falcons, but it is probable that some at least of these names apply rath- er to the different sexes than to distinct species. See a graphic description of the sport of falconrA', as piursued by the Arabs of N. Africa, in the Ibis, i, 284. No rep- resentation of such a sport occurs on the monuments of ancient Egypt (see Wilkinson, -4 nc. Eg. i, 221), neither is there any definite allusion to falcoiirj' in the Bible.
HAWKER
102
HAWKS
Falco Sacer. With regard, however, to the negative evidence supplied by the monuments of Egji^t, we must be careful ere we draw a conclusion, for the camel is not represented, though we have Biblical evidence to show that this ani- mal was used l)y the Egyptians as early as the time of Abraham ; still, as instances of various modes of cap- turing fish, game, and wild animals are not unfrequent on the monuments, it seems probable that the art was not known to the Egyptians. Nothing definite can be learnt from the passage m 1 Sam. xxvi, '20, which speaks of " a [jartridge hunted on the mountains," as this may allude to the method of taking these birds by " throw- sticks," etc. See PARTinuaL;. The hind or hart " pant- ing after the water-broolcs" (Psa. xlii, 1) may appear at first sight to refer to the mode at present adopted in the East of taking gazelles, deer, and bustards with the united aid of falcon and greyhound; but, as Hengsten- berg (Comment, on Psa. 1. c.) has argued, it seems pretty clear that the exhaustion spoken of is to be understood as arising, not from pursuit, Ijut from some prevailing drought, as in Psa. Ixiii, l,"My soul thirsteth for thee in a clrij liiml." (See also Joel i, 20.) The poetical ver- sion of Brady and Tate,
"As pants the hart for cooling streams When heated in the chase-,'' has therefore somewhat prejudged the matter. For the question as to whether falconrv was known to the an- cient (ireeks, see Bcckm&nn, JJistoj-ij of Inventions (i, 198-205, Bolni's ed.).— Smith, s. v. See Falcon.
Hawker, Robert, D.D., an English divine, was bom at Exeter, England, in 17.53, and educated at Mag- dalen College, Oxford. He obtained the vicarage of Charles, Plymouth, which he held until his death in 1827, with the respect and love of his peo|ile. In doc- trine be was a Calvinist, with a strong Antinomian ten- dency. His writings arc, The Poor Man's Commentary on 0. and N. T. (last edit. Lond. .3 vols. 4to) -.—Sermons, Meililations, /.frfi^rc.s-, etc., included in liis WorJcs,inth a Mimoir of his I.ife,hy the Pev. .T.Williams. D.D. (Lond. ]H:! 1 . 10 vols. 8vo). See Burt, Ohserr. on Dr. If aider's 7'A«<<%y,- Bennett, ///.>/.o/7;;V(;//(r.<(Lon(l.lK5;)), p. 344.
Hawkins, Wii.i.ia.m, an English clergyman, was bom in 1722, and was educated at Pcmljroke College. Oxford, where lie became fellow, and was made profess- or of poetry in 1751. He was afterwards successively prebendarj- of Wells, rector of Casterton, and vicar of Whitchurch, Dorsetshire. He died in 1801. He pub- lished Discourses on Scripture Mysteries, Bampton Lec- tures for 1787 (Oxford, 1787, 8 vo) ; and a number of occasional sermons.— Darling, Cyclop. Bihlioyraphica, i, 1422 ; Allibone, Dktionary of A uthors, i, 804.
Haw^ks, Cicero Stephen, D.D., a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Churcli, was born at Newbern, N. C, in 1812. He passed A.B. at the University of North Carolina in 1830, and studied law, but never practised. In 1834 he was ordained deacon, and in 1835 priest, in the Protestant Episcopal Chiurch. His first parish was Trinity Chiurch, Saugerties, N. Y. (1836) ; in 1837 he re- moved to Buffalo, N. Y., and shortly afterwards to Christ Church, St. Louis, Mo. In 1844 he Avas consecrated bishop of the diocese of Missoiuri, ua which office he la- bored diligentlv and successfully until his health gave way. He die<i at St. Louis April 19, 18G8.