IIAYXES
104
HAZAEL
Haynes, Lesii-el, a Congregational minister of Now i:nglan(l, a mulatto. He was bom at AVest Hart- lord, Conn., July 18, 17 Jo, and was educated in the fam- ily of Mr. Kose,'of Granville, jMass. In 1774 he enlisted ill the Continental army, and in 1775 was in the expe- ilition against Ticondcroga. Soon after this he com- menced study witli tlie Kev. Daniel Ferrand, and on Nov. 7, 1780, his credentials as a minister were granted. Soon afterwards he received a call to take charge of the Granville church. Here he labored five years with great acceptability. In 1783 he married Jliss Elizabeth Babbit, a white lady of good intellect and sincere piety. Soon after this he was ordained, and went to Farming- ton, Conn., and thence to Ycniiont, and spent thu-ty years as pastor of a Congregational church at Rutland, whence he removed to Manchester, where he was in- ■volved in a verj' suigular and noted trial for murder, not as accomplice, but as a defender of the accused. In 1822 he was called to the charge of the church in Granville, X. Y., an offshoot of the former in Massachusetts. Here he remained till his death in September, 1834. Mr. Haynes was characterized from early life by a swift and subtle intellect, and a restless thirst for knowledge. He read Greek and Latin with critical accuracy. His wit was proverbial and refined. In Vermont he was very successfid in opposing infidelity. Many anecdotes of his shrewd and sensible wit are on record. — Sher- man, Xew Enyland Divines, p. 267 ; Sprague, Annals, ii, 17G.
Hayti, a name sometimes given to the second lar- gest island in the West Indies. The more usual name Ls San Dominrjo, under which head all that is common to the whole island will be treated. Haj'ti proper is the western and French-sjjeaking part of the island, which in 1808 was organized as a separate commonwealth under president Christophe, who in 1811 had himself crowned as hereditary emperor under the name of Henry I. In 1822 the French and the Spanish portions of the island were again united into one republic mider gen- eral lioyer. This union lasted imtil 18i4, when not only tlie Spanish portion became again an independent *\aXQ, but the French part split mto two, which were harassed by almost uninterruiited conflicts between the lilacks and the mulattoes. The brief and beneficent ad- ministration of general Richer (1846-47) was followed by that of general Faustin Souloucjue, who undertook an imfortimate campaign against the Dominicans, and in August, 1849, i)roclaimed himself emperor, imder the name of Faustin I. He was in 1858 overthrown 1 y general Geffrard, who, as president, introduced many reforms, and was, in turn, overthrown in February, 1807, by Salnave, under wliose administration the country wa.s disturbed Ijy uninterrupted civil wars, until his overthrow and execution, January, 1870.
Tlie area of tlie republic is estimated at 10,205 square miles, the population at about 570,000. Nominally near- ly the entire population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church; liut, even according to Roman Catholic writers, many of the population are even to-day more pagan tlian Christian. Tlic frightftil religious and moral con- dition of the people is attributed by Roman Catholic WTiters to the liabit of the French government of not es- tablishing rcgul.ir bishoprics, but of leaving the a(hniiiis- tration ol' ecclcsiastica] affairs in the liands of apostolical jirefects, who had iieitlur tlic iiithicnce nor the power of bishops, were more dciicndciit ujioii tlie colonial gf>vern- ment. and could iml <l(l\iid the interests of the Chtirdi and of religion against tlic secular jiower and the iilant- ors, who were cliicily intent on making the most out of slave labor. The care of the parishes was, before the beginning of the Freiicli rule, almost exclusively in the hands of the Capuchins and Dominicans. In 1703 the Caiiuchins left tlicir parishes, and were succeeded liy tlie Jesuits, who took cliarge of the districts from Samana to the Atral)oiiite, while the Dominicans assumed the ad- ministration of those from tlie Atrabonite to Cape Tibu- rpn. Secular priests were left only in the churches of
Yache Island. When the Jesuits were expelled in 1763, they were again followed by the Capuchins. During the war of independence nearly all the churches were closed, and the celebration of divine service was almost whol- ly suspended ; but, the war being ended, the Constitu- tion of 1807 declared the Catholic Church the only form of religion recognised by the government, and Chris- tophe, by a decree issued in 1811, annoimced the es- tablishment of one archbishopric and three bishoprics. The pope was asked to sanction this arrangement, but, owing to the death of Christophe, which occurred soon after, and to other causes, the plan was never carried out. In 1822, when the whole island was vmder one government, the archbishop of San Domingo appoint- ed for the western part two vicars general, of whom the one resided at Cape Hayti, and the other at Port-au- Prince. In 1827 Pope Leo XII again conferred upon the archbishop of San Domingo the jurisdiction over the Avholc island ; but the religious condition of the people grew worse and worse. There was an almost absolute want of priests, and the few who were to be fomid were mostly worthless characters, who had for immoral-con- duct been expelled from other dioceses. In 1842, bishop Rosati, of St. Louis, was commissioned by pope Gregory XYI to visit Hayti, and, as apostolical delegate, to con- clude a Concordat -with president Boj-er ; but this step also was thwarted by the overthrow of his administra- tion (1843). The emperor Soulouque protected and en- dowed the Roman Catholic Church, but at the same time introduced religious toleration, and thus enabled l\otestant missionaries to organize a few missions. In 1852 pope Pius IX sent bishop Spaccapietra to Hayti to make another effort to conclude a Concordat. The mis- sion was agabi unsuccessful ; and in an allocution of Dec. 19, 1853, the pope comjilained that the emperor and his government had a false idea concerning the Church, and that, as a great portion of the clergy- were unwilling to adopt a strict rule of life, the bishop was compelled to leave the countrj^ Negotiations with president Geffrard were more successful, and on Sept, 16, 1861, a Concordat was promulgated. According to it, one archbishopric (Port-au-Prince) and four bishop- rics (Les Cayes, Cape Hayti, Gonaives, and Port de Paix) were established in 1862; the archbishop (a French- man, Testard du Cosqner) was appomted in 1863, but none of the four episcopal sees had been filled up to Jan- nary, 1870. The number of parishes is 49. For pub- lic education very little has as yet been done. There were in 1868 about 150 public schoils, with about 13,000 pupils.