Literature. — Juliani Imperatoris Opera qua siipersunt omnia (ed. by Petavius, Par. 1583, and more completely by E. Spanheim, Lips. 1696, 2 vols, fol.) ; Cyril of Alex- andria, Contra impium Jul. lihri x (which contains the chief arguments of Julian against Christianity, with their refutation), in Cyril's Opera, ed. Aubert, torn, vi, and in Spanheim's edition of Julian's works. Also the relevant sections in the heathen historians Ammianus Marcellinus, Zosimns, and Eunapius, and in the Church histories of Socrates, Sozomenus, and Theodoret. Among modem writers on Julian we refer to Tillemont, Me- moires, etc., vii, 32'2-420 ; Warburton, Julian (London, 1751); Neander, Jz/ZiVm und sein Zeit alter (Leipz. 1812; in an English dress, N. Y. 1850, 12mo) ; Joudot, Histoire de Vempjereur Julien (1817,2 vols.); V^'iggers, Julian der Abtriinniffe (Leipzig, 1837); TeuflFel, De Juliana religio- nis Christiani contemptore (Tlib. 1844); Fr. Strauss, Der Romantiker anfdem Thron der Ccesaren, oder Julian der Abtriinnige (Jlanheim, 1847) ; Schaff, Ch. Hist, ii, 40 sq.
Julian OF Eclanum. See Pklagius; Pelagians.
Julian OF Haltcarxassus, the bishop celebrated as the leader of a faction of the Monophysites, who bear his name, flourished in the early part of the 6th century. When the Monophysite bishops were deposed in 519 he was obliged to flee to Alexandria for safety. For fur- ther details, see Moxoi'iiysites.
Julian, St. See Pomerius.
Julian of Toledo. See Toledo, Couxcils ob> (14th) ; Spain.
Julian(us) Cesarini, Cardinal, one of the most distinguished characters of the Church of Rome in the Middle Ages, prominently connected with the efforts to heal the dissensions within the pale of the Romish Church of the 15th century, and the union of the East- em and Western churches at the Council of Florence, was born at Rome in 1398, the descendant of a noble family noted in the annals of Italian historv'. He was educated at the University of Perugia, and early evinced the possession of great ability and uncommon talents. He particidarly interested himself in the studj' of the
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Roman law, and soon acquired the reputation of being one of the foremost thinkers, and was lionored with a professor's chair at Padua. He was not suffered, how- ever, to continue long in the rostrum, for the Church of his day needed men of decision and energy to allay the strife which was raging fiercely, and threatening the de- struction of the hierarchal edifice so lately dishonored in the occupation of the papal chair by licentious char- acters. See Innocent XXIII. Seventy years of an- archy and orphanage, sometimes familiarly termed the Babylonish captivity of the Church of Rome, the illus- trious Colonna, better known as Martin V, was to oblit- erate, as well as to rebuild on a firm foundation both the moral and material inrtuence of the papacy. For such a task his own talents, however great, were not sufficient, and the wise, far-seeing pontiff was not slow to recognise the uncommon endowments of young Julian, who was accordingly appointed apostolic prothonotary, and, later, auditor of the Rota Romana. Cardinal Brunda ill particular became interested in the rising Cesarinus; and when, in 1419, he was sent as papal legate to Bo- hemia to bring back tlie erring (V) sh(iep of the Sla- vonic fold, Julian was the Ui;ati's companion and main stay. Though this missicju failed to accomplish its objects, at the Diet of Brunn, Jidiau won golden opin- ions from the Romans, and in 1-126 (May 22) was promoted to the cardinalate of Santo Aiigelo. When, in 1431, a diet was summoned at Nuremberg "to con- cert immediate and vigorous action for crushing the hitherto successful rebellion," it was none other than cardinal Julian whom Martin V selected (after his death confirmed by Eugenius IV) to represent him in that ec- clesiastical body, as well as in the general council which, in accordance with the celebrated decree " Frequens" of the Council of Constance, was soon to meet at Basle. It had been determined to extirpate the Hussites In' all means. As kind words would not bring them back to the open arms of the Church, the cardinal legate boldly exchanged the mitre for the helmet. Quickly an army of Crusaders was gathered, and in himself blending to- gether the characters of the jiriest and the soldier, he sought to kindle in their hearts the fires of religious zeal and patriotic devotion. But neither the potency of a blessed banner and a consecrated sword, nor the specta- cle of an ecclesiastic urging on an army to a war of faith, had sufficiently impressed Rome's most faithful adhe- rents to brave " the face of a religious influence like that of Hussitism, M'hich was rooted in national sympathies, such as Rome could never a^vaken in the day of her greatest power," and ignominiously the papal legate again failed in his mission. Meanwhile, ho\vever, the Council of Basle had convened, opened in the absence of the legate by two of his deputies, and thither Julian di- rected his steps. He assumed its presidency Sept. 9, 1431, determined by peaceful measures to essay once more the accomplishment of a task which he had found it impossible to secure on the field of battle ; and to his honor be it said that all the inducements which v.-ere now held out to the Hussites were the offerings of a sincere and pious soul, which desired above all things else the glory of God and the honor of his Churcli. '• The san- guine and undaunted legate, who had been the first to reckon on the military campaign as the only remedy for the spreading disease, was now the first to fall back upon the council from which he had hitherto augured so Uttle good. 'As I saw no other remedy left' (are his own words), 'I animated and encouraged all to remain steadfast in the faith, and to fear nothing, since on this very account I was going to the council ^vhere the whole Church would assemble' " (Jenkins). How much Julian did to obtain Eugenius's sanction to the continuation of the council which that pontiff' was determined to abro- gate, and how Julian, notwithstanding the jiublication of a bull abrogating the council, and convoking it eigh- teen months later at Bologna, continued the session, and with what liberality and sagacity he counselled in the deliberations of this synod, and with what earnest-