(ft.) it is the generic name of the human race as origin- ally created, and afterwards, like the English word man, person, whether man or woman, equivalent to the Latin homo and Greek ay^piairoQ ((Jen. i, 20, 27; v, 2; viii, 21; Deut. viii, 3; Matt, v, 13, 16; 1 Cor. vii, 26), and even without regard to age (John xvi, 21), It is ap- plie<l to women only, "the human persons or women" (Numb, xxxi, 35\ Se]it. ipvxai ai'SrpwTnof c'nrii tm' yvratKioi'. Thus >'/ ('(i'3'^)(ii7roc' means a woman (Herod. i, 60), and especially among the orators (comp. 1 INIacc. ii, 28). (c.) It denotes man in ojiposition to woman (Gen. iii, 12; Matt, xix, 10), though more properly, the husband in opposition to the wife (compare 1 Cor. vii, 1).
(f/.) It is used, though very rarely, for those who main- tain the dignity of human nature, a man, as we sav, meaning one that deserves the name, like the Latin vir and Greek c'lvlfp : " One man in a thousand have I found, but a woman," etc. (Eccles. vii, 28). Perhaps the word here glances at the original ujirightness of man. (e.) It is frequently used to denote the more degenerate and wicked portion of mankind: an instance of which oc- curs very early, " The sons (or worshippers) of God mar- ried the daughters of men (or the irreligious)" (Gen. vi, 2). We request a careful examination of the following passages with their respective contexts : Psa. xi, 4; xii, 1, 2, 8 ; xiv, 2, etc. The latter passage is often adduced to prove the total depravity of the whole human race, whereas it applies only to the more abandoned Jews, or ]50ssibly to the more wicked Gentile adversaries of Is- rael. It is a description of " the fool," or wicked man (ver. 1), and of persons of the same class (ver. 1, 2), "the workers of iniquity, who eat up God's people like bread, and called not upon the name of the Lord" (ver. 4). For the true view of Paul's quotations from this psalm (Rom. iii, 10), see M'Knight, ad loc. ; and observe the use of the word " man" in Luke v, 20 ; Matt, x, 17. It is applied to the Gentiles (Matt, xxvii, 22 ; comp. Mark X, 33, and Mark ix, 31 ; Luke xviii, 32 ; see Mounteney, ad iJemosth. Phil, i, 221). (/".) The word is used to de- note other men, in opposition to those already named, as " both upon Israel and other men" (Jer. xxxii, 20), i. e. the Egyptians. " Like other men" (Psa. Ixxiii, 5), i. e. common men, in opposition to better men (Psa. Ixxxii, 7) ; men of inferior rank, as opposed to Ui'^N, men of higher rank (see Hebrew, Isa. ii, 9; v, 15: Psa. xlix, 3; Ixii, 10; Prov. viii, 4). The phrase "son of man," in the Old Testament, denotes man as frail and unworthy (Numb, xxiii, 19 ; Job xxv, 6 ; Ezek. ii, 1,3); as applied to the prophet, so often, it has the force of " O mortal !"
2. "i;3"X, ish, is a man in the distinguished sense, like the Latin vir and Greek uv))p. It is used in all the several senses of the Latin ri?; and denotes a man as distinguished from a woman (1 Sam. xvii, 33 ; Matt. xiv, 21); as a husband (Gen. iii, 16; Hos. ii, 16); and in reference to excellent mental qualities. A beautiful instance of the latter class occurs in Jer. v, 1 : " Run ye to and fro through the streets of Jerusalem, and see now, and know, and seek in the broad places thereof, if ye can find a man, if there be any that executeth judg- ment, that seeketh the truth ; and I will pardon it." This reminds the reader of the ])hilosopher who went through the streets of Athens with a lighted lamp in his hand, and being asked what he sought, said, " I am seeking to find a man" (see Herodot. ii, 120; Homer,//. V, 529). It is also used to designate the superior classes (Prov. viii, 4 ; Psa. cxli, 4, etc.), a courtier (Jer. xxxviii, 7), the male of animals (Gen. vii, 2). Sometimes it means men in general (Exod. xvi, 29 ; Mark vi, 44).
3. lIJilN, enosh', mortals, /3poroi, as transient, perish- able, liable to sickness, etc.: "Let not man [margin, 'mortal man'] jirevail against thee" (2 Chron. xiv, 11). "Write with the pen of the common man" (Isa. viii. 1), i. e. in a common, legible character (Job xv, 14; Psa. viii, 5; ix, 19, 20; Isa. li,7; Psa. ciii, 15). It is applied to women (Josh, viii, 25).
4. 155, f/e'bcr, vir, man, in regard to strength, etc. All etymologists concur in deriving the English word "man" from the superior poivers and faculties with which man is endowed above all earthly creatures; so the Latin vir, from vis, i-ires; and such is the idea conveyed by the present Hebrew word. It is apjilicd to men as distin- guished from woman : " A man shall not put on a wom- an's garment" (Deut. xxii, 5), like ch'BpoJTroQ in Jlatt. viii, 9 ; John i, 6 ; to men as distinguished from children (Exod. xii, 37) ; to a male child, in opposition to a fe- male (.Job iii, 3; Sept. dpntv). It is much used in po- etry: "Happy is the man" (Psa. xxxiv, 9; xl, 5; Iii, 9; xciv, 12). Sometimes it denotes the species at large