Mamaclli, Tiio:mas aMARiA,a distinguished Domin- ican, was born on the island of Chio Dec. 3, 1713 ; was brought to Italy when yet a youth, and joined the Do- minicans. He became professor of theology at Florence, and in 1740 was called to Rome as a member of the college of the Propaganda. Benedict XIY made him a doctor of divinity, and appointed him member of the congrega- tion of the Index, of which he became secretary in 1770. Under Pius YI he was appointed Magister p)ala1ii. He died in 1792, at Cometo, near jMontefiascone. His prin- cijial works are A d Jolu D. Munsium de ratione tempo- rnm Athanasiorum deque aliquot St/nodis iv sacido cel- ebraiis Epistolae iv (Flor. 1748), against IMansi, who, in his De epocliis concilioruni Sardicensis et Sirmiensium, cteterumque in causa Arianorum, hac occasione sinml re- rnm potiisimurum S. Athanasii Clironoloqiam resiituit (Luciv, 1746), asserted, contrary to general opinion, that the Council of Sardica was held in 344, and that the re- turn of Athanasius to Alexandria took place in 346. His Orif/imun el antiquitatum Chrisfiananan Libb. xx (Rom. 1749-55), of which only five books, however, were com- pleted, is a ver\' important work, holding the same po- sition among the Roman Catholics as Bingham's Orir/- ines ecclesiasficd' among the Protestants; it is written in view of the later work, which it often attempts to refute. Jh' Costumi de primitivi Christiani libri tres (Rome, 1753; Venice, 1757) is an interesting work on the early ages of Christianity, and contains some valuable and curi- ous information. Epistolarum ad Juslivum Eebroni- VDi, de ratione regendo' Christianm reipubliccp, deque le- (jitima Romani Pontijicis potentate, Liber primus (Rom. 1776), in answer to Justinus Febronius's (J. N. von Hon- t heim. (\. v.) l)e statu Ecclesi<e et legitima potestate Ro- mani 1 'ontificis liber singuUu-is, etc. (Bullioni, 1 763), is but a weak production compared to that which it attacked. See Neue theol. Bibliothek, Iv, 392 scj. ; A eta historico-ec- clesiastica nostii temporis, xxxix, 888 ; Goftinger gel. Anzeigen, 1757, p. 1189 sq. ; l-7o9, p. 595; Richard et Gi- rawA. Biblioth. sacree. — Hoefer, ]\'our. Biog. Generate, xxxiii, 1 23 ; Herzog, Real-Encyklopudie, viii, 772 ; Pierer, Uhirersul-Lexikon, x, 806.
Mamai'as {^apaia,\\x\Q. Samea). given (1 Esdr,
viii, 14) in place of the Shejiaiaii (q. v.) of the Heb, text (Ezra viii, 16).
Mamas, a saint of the Romish Church, a native of Paphlagonia, flourished in the 3d centurj% He was born in prison, his mother, Russina, having been arrest- ed on account of her adherence to Christianity. He was brought up by a Christian widow named Ammia, and while a boy was already persecuted for his faith, but wonderfully escaped dcfth. He subsequently preached the Gospel in Cfesarea, and died a martyr in 274. He is commemorated on the 17th of August. IManias was highly honored in the ancient Church. Basil, Gregory of Nazianzen, and "Walafrid Strabo make mention of him. See C. Baronii M artyrologium Romanvm (]\Iogun- tiae, 1631), p. 507; Th. Ruinart, ^Ic^rt pirimoittm Marty- rum (Amst. 1713), p. 264 sq. — Herzog, Real-Enajklopd- die, viii, 774. (J. N. P.)
Mamertus, St., archbishop of Vienna, was a brother of Claudianus Ecdicius Mamertus [see Claudiaxus], author of the celebrated work Be statu anima. St. ]\Ia- mertus is especially known for having, on the occasion of a great fire, and other accidents which befell the city of Vienna, instituted tlie Rogations, i. e. penitential prayers for the three days preceding the ascension. Baronius, in his 3Iartyi-ologium Romanum (Moguntia?, 1631), p. 255 sq. and 296, denies that IMamertus was the first to organize these rogations, claiming that they were an old institution which had fallen into disuse, and which he merely revived. Bingham in his Origin, eccles. (iii, 80 sq. ; v, 29), subsequently took the same view. However, it is certain that the example of IMa- mertus induced the Council of Orleans, in 511, to intro- duce the rogations throughout France. They were sub- sequently adopted by the whole Western Church, by order of (iregory the Great, in 591. Mamertus is gen- erally believed to have died in 475. He is commemo- rated on the 11th of ]May. — Herzog, Real-Ei2cyklop. yiii, 774; Hoefer, Kour. Biog. Gen. xxxiii, 129.
Mamertus, Claudianus. See Claudianus.
Mammaea, Julia. See Seatirus, Alexander.
Mammillarians, the name of a branch of the An- abaptists which arose in Haarlem, Holland. Its origin is as follows. A young man having taken undue liber- ties with a young M'oman whom he intended to marri-, was accused of it before the Church ; the Church au- thorities, however, did not agree on the subject, some desiring to expel the offender from their society, and others opposing so severe a measure. This caused a separation, and those who were on the yomig man's side were visited by their opponents with the reproachful name of Mammillarians (from the French word 3/am- melle, a woman's breast). See liaylc, Bict.JIistoriqtie, s. V. ; Micridius. Syntag. Hist. Eccl. (ed. 1679) p. 1012.— Herzog, Reul-Iuicyklopddie, viii, 774.
Mam'm.on (paftpwrUg or papiovaq, from the Chald. "j1"C"a or X3'!';"2, that in which one ti-usts ; see Buxtorf, Lex. Chald. col. 1217 sq.), a term pre-eminently, by a technical and invidious usage (see Suidas in his Lex. s. v.), " signifying trealth or iiches, and bearing that sense in Luke xvi, 9, 11 ; but also used by our Saviour (Matt, vi, 24 ; Luke xvi, 13) as a personification of the god of riches : ' Ye cannot serve God and Mammon.' Gill, on Matt, vi, 24, brings a very apt (piotation from the Talmud Hieros. (Yoma, fol. 38), in confirmation of the character which Christ in these passages gives of the Jews in his day: 'We know that they believed in the law, and took care of the commandments, and of the tithes, and that their whole conversation was good — only that they loved the 3[ammon, and hatetl one another without cause'" (Kitto). "Tlie word often occurs in the Chaldee Targums of Onkelos, and later writers, and in tlie Syriac Version, in the sense of ' riches.' This meaning of the word is given by 'J'er- tullian, A dr. Marc, iv, 33, and by Augustine and Jerome commenting' on ^Matthew. Augustine adds that it was in use as a Punic, and Jerome adds that it was a Syriac