Maiets. See Maresius.
Marezoll, JoiiAXX (ioTTi.on, a German theologian, was b(ini at I'lauen, grand-duchy of Saxe-Weim.-Eis., Dec. 2.% 1761; studied theology at the University of Leipsic from 1779 to 1783; became then tutor for three years in a private family; in 17Ki( Ix'came preacher of the University of (liittingen, with the dignity of profess- or extraordinary of divinity, and lectured with success on moral philosophy and^liomiletics ; in 1794 was hon- ored by the University of llelmstadt with the doctorate of divinity, and in the same year also acce]ited a call to Copenhagen as pastor primarius of the (ierman St. Pe- ter's Church, where he was allowed much time for study ;
but the northern climate injuring his health, he ob- tained in 1802, by Herder's influence, a position at Jena as superintendent and pastor of the town church, and at the same time commenced lectures on homiletics at the university of that place. He died Jan. 15, 1828, Marezoll was a child of the rationalistic times in which he flourished ; but still, with a strong desire to preach and spread abroad the teachings of the Gospel, and gift- ed with a spirited language and animating mode of de- liver)', he became a blessing to many thousands of hear- ers, and an example and a subject of imitation to thou- sands of students. His productions were repeatedly re- printed, and translated into several languages, and ef- fected much good. He is justly styled one of Germany's greatest preachers of the 19th centurj-. He wrote Das Christenthum okne Gesch. it. Kinkltidung (1787) : — Be- stimnnmfj des Kanzelredners (1793), besides his sermons, published in 1790-1, 1806, 1811, 1829, etc. -.—Predif/tcn zur Erinnervng an die J'ortdauernde WirLsamkeit der lie- formation (Jena, 1822): — Ilomilien (1828) : — Kachejelas- sene Preditjten (1852, and since). See Herzog, 7?«/Z-Aw- qjklopddie, vol. xx, s. v. ; Dtiring, Kanzelredner d. 18'™ u. 19'*" Juhrh. s. v.
Margaret, St., the name of several Roman Catho- lic saints. I. The latest of these was canonized through the influence of the Dominicans, who manifested a spe- cial interest in her, both before and after her death ; she is patronized, however, simply in the neighborhood of her native village, San Severin, in the duchy of Ancona. From the former name of that place, she was called Septempeda ; the practice of such virtues as are com- mon among saints, and which she cultivated during her widowhood, gave her the surname Vidua ; and since, in her humility, she would never wear shoes, she received the appellation Discalceata. Tlie only inheritance left to her daughter comprised a pair of shoes and the soles of her feet, which became loosened in death and as- sumed the form of shoes, and which were the principal relics exhibited in her memory by the Dominicans. She died in 1395.
II. The merely beatified saints [see Beatification] of this name belong, without exce])tion, to the monastic orders ; and in their legends the fancy and the jealousy of the monks are equally apparent. The more cele- brated are :
1. A beautiful Italian from the neighborhood of Peru- gia, who had up to her twenty-fifth year led a grossly licentious life, but afterwards, having been awakened by a startling incident, distinguished herself by turning to a life of the severest penance in the convent of the Franciscans at Cortona (hence called Margaret de Cor- ton(t). Her confessor, however, resisted her desire to re- visit the scenes of her former shame, accompanied only by an old woman. She is usually represented with the instruments of torture, because in spirit she experienced the entire passion of the Saviour, who refused to desig- nate her his handmaiden, but honored her as his friend. Her conversations with Christ and the Virgin iMary served to endorse the more lenient treatment of the Spiritualists (.1 ct. SS., 1. c, p. 648). ^Vhen she died, in 1297, the Franciscans claimed that they saw her soul ascend from purgatory to heaven. In 1623 Urban VlII permitted them to pay her religious honors.
2. As an offset to Margaret de Cortona, the Domini- cans raised up one of their tcrtiaries, a lilind girl of L^r- bino, in whose heart were found, after death, three won- drous stones, bearing the image of the Virgin Mary with the child in the manger {Act. A'i5'., April 13; beat- ified Oct. 19, 1609).
Other Margarets, including a royal princess of Hun- gary, who died a Dominican, Jan. 28, 1271, are obscure. Tluy are found in the A ct. SS. under Jan. 23 ; Feb. 11 ; Marlh 5,7, 13, and 22; April 12 and 30; :May 1.5, 18, and 2;5 ; and June 4, 10, and 13. — Herzog, Real-Enci/khip. ix, 54 ; Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lex. vi, 835. (,G. M.)
Margaret of France, duchess of Bern,- and Savoy,
MARGARET
743
MARHEINEKE
daughter of Francis I, was bom ia 1523, and received a superior education. She was a patroness of the sciences and learned men ; and after the death of her father gained a high reputation by her beauty, piety, learning, and amiable qualities. She married Phillbert, duke of Savoy, in 1559, and dietl in 1574, aged fifty-one. Tlie most illustrious of the literati contended who should praise her best, and her subjects called her the Mother of her People.