Margarita (ftapyapTnc, margaritum), the pearl, was the name given in the Greek Church to the vessel in which the consecrated host was kept. IMargaritae, on the other hand, designated the pieces of the host which the priests preserved in a special vessel for the use of the sick. These pieces were dipped in consecrated wine, and given to the sick with a spoon. See Du Fresne, Gloss. Latin, ii, 510.
Magarites. See Pearl.
Margil, Jesus de (^Father Antonio), an early Fran- ciscan missionary to Texas, was born at Valencia Aug. 18, 1G57, and died in Mexico Aug. 6, 1726. He was the author of Kl Peregrino Septentrional Atlante (Valencia, 1742). He is styled "Notario Apostolico," "C<}nimis- sario del Santo Oficio," "Fundador y ex Guardian de tres Coligios," and "Prefecto de las Missiones de Propa- gande Fide en todas las Indias Occidentales." See Hist. Mag. June, 1864, s. v. ; Drake, Diet. A mer. Biog. s. v.
Marguerite of Valois. See BIargaret of Or- leans.
Margunius, Maxijius, an Eastern theologian, was born in Crete in 1522; studied divinity at Padua and Venice; became a monastic; in 1589 bishop of Cythera (Cerigo) ; and died at Crete in 1602. He published Mi]vo\i)yiov and Bi'ot a-yitoi', as well as a collection of sacred poems in Old Greek (Leyden, 1592). and"l'/(voi 'Aj'«)C(0£(Ji'r(oi. — Regenshurger Real- Encgklopadie, vol. ix, s. V.
Marheineke, Philip Konrad, an eminent Ger- man theologian and writer, was born at Ilildcslieim May 1, 1780. He studied theology at Gottingcn, where he was made a professor in 1805. He afterwards became
MARIA ANGELICA
lU
MARIANA
successively professor in the University of Heidelberg j in 1807, and professor in the university, and, in 1810, minister of the Trinity Church of Berlin, as colleague of the renowned Schleiermaeher. He died in the capi- tal of Prussia, May 31, 184C. IMarheineke's studies were especially directed towards Christian symbolics and dogmatics, which he treated from the speculative stand-point of Daub and Hegel. He was, indeed, the head of that fraction of the Hegelian school which as- serted the coincidence of the Hegelian philosophy with Christianity, He was equally distant from the strict orthodox views held by the Lutheran, as from Rational- ism, or from the old supernaturalism. He wrote Gesch. d. christlichen Moral seit d. A n/unge d. Reformation (Nu- remb. 1805) : — Unirersalhistorie d. Christenthums (Er- langen, 1806) ■.—Christlkhc .Si/mho/ik (Heidelb. 1810-13, 3 vols.):— Grundrisg d. Ilomi'ktik (Ilamb. 1811 ; 2d edit. 1827) ■.—Institutiones symbolical (1812 ; 3d edit. 1830) :— Aphorismen z. Erneuerung d. Kirchlichen Lehens (1814): — Fredigten (1814-18) : — Geschichte d. deutschen Refor- mation (Berl. 1816,2 vols.; 2d edit. 1831-34,4 vols.):— Grundlthren d. christlichen Dogmatik (Berl. 1819; other edit. 1827) : — Ottomar. Gesprdche ii. Freiheit d. Willens u. gottliche Gnade (Berl. 1821) : — Lehrhuch d. christl. Glau- hens u. Lehens (Berl. 1823; 2d edit. 1836) :— ^e^rac^^uw- gen ii. d. Lehen u. d. Lehre d. WelterlOsers (Berl. 1823) : — Ueber d. wahre Stelle d. lititrgischen Rechtes (1825) : — Katechismus d. christlichen Lehre (1825 ; 2d edit. 1840) : — Entwurf d. praktischen Theologie (Berl. 1837) : — Fie- digten z. Vertheidigung d. evungelischen Kirche gegen d. pdpstliche (1839) : — Einleitiing in d. offentl. Vorlesungen ii. d. Bedeufung d. Ilegelschen Philosophic in d. christl. Theologie (Berl. 1842) : — Das gottesdienstliche L^eben d. Christen (iNIagdeb. 1842) : — Ziir Kritik der Schellingschen Offenba7-U7igsphilosophie (Berl. 1843): — F)er Erzhishop Clemens A ugust als Friedenstifter zv:ischen Staat u. Kirche (Berl. 1843) : — Die Reform der Kirche dwch den Staat (1844): — Kiirze Erzdhlung d. Reformation (1846). After his death his lectures were published under title Vorlesungen iiher die christliche Dogmatik (1847) ; iiber die theologische Moral (1847) ; ilber die christliche Sym- holik (1848) ; and iiber die Dogmengeschichte (1849). See Saintes, Hist, of German Rationalism, p. 284; Kahnis, Mod. German Protestantism, p. 244 sq. ; Morell, Hist, of Mod.Philos. ii, 199, 203 ; Bretschneider, Dogmatik, i, 115 sq. ; Yurrar, Crit. Hist, of Free Thought, p. 2Gb; and the excellent articles in Wagner, Staais-Lexikon, s. v. ; Pie- rer, Univeisal-Lexikon, x, 871 ; Herzog, R€al-E7icyklopd- die, ix, 62.
Maria Angelica de S. Magdai.ena is the name by which Jaqueline, one of the daughters of Anthony Arnauld (q.v.), was known after she became tlie prioress of the noted convent of Port Royal. " She at first led a very dissolute life, such as was common at that time in the French nunneries; but in 1609 the fear of God came upon her, and she entered upon a very different course of life ; and afterwards becoming intimate first with Francis de Sales, and then, in 1623, with the abbot of St. Cyran, she conformed both herself and her con- vent to their views and prescriptions The con- secrated virgins inhabiting it followed with the utmost strictness the ancient, severe, and almost everywhere abrogated rule of the Cistercians ; nay, they imposed on themsi Ives more rigors and burdens than even that rule prescribed." Dr. Murdoch's jNIosheim, Ecchs. Hist. bk. iv, cent, xvii, sec. ii, pt. i, ch. i, § 46. See Pout Royal. The relation which this retreat sustained to the Jan- senists has been detailed in the article Janskxits, Cornelius (2).
Maria Theresa, empress of Austria and (Germany, the daughter of Charles A'l, was born at Vienna jNlay 13, 1717, and succeeded to the throne, by the " Pragmatic Sanction," Oct. 21, 1740. Witli her se«dar history we liave nothing to do here, but as to her influence on the interests of Romanism and Protestantism, we must add here a few particulars to the article on Austria. Al-