though herself a zealous Roman Catholic, she maintain- ed the rights of her crown against the court of Rome, and endeavored to correct some of the worst abuses in the Chiu-ch. She prohibited the presence of priests at the making of wills, abolished the right of asylum in chiu-ches and convents, suppressed the Inquisition in Milan, and in 1773 the Order of Jesuits. She also for- bade that any person, male or female, should take mo- nastic vows before the age of twenty-five years. She did nothing, however, to ameliorate the treatment of the Protestants in her dominions. She professed personal sympathy with their oppressed condition, but pretended to be unable to do anything for them on account of her coronation oaths and the laws of the countrj-. This was especially the case m Hungary. Maria Theresa died Nov. 29, 1780, leaving as her successor to the throne Joseph II, who is noted for his generous efforts in be- half of his Protestant subjects. See Duller, M. Theresia u. Joseph JL (Wiesbaden, 1844) ; Ramshom, J/. Theresia M. ihre Zeit (Lpz. 1859 sq.); \s^o\i,Oestereich unter Ma- ria Theresa (1855) ; Coxe, House of A ustria, iii, 189 sq., 241 sq. ; Vehse, ^-l/emoiVs of the Court of Austria, u,lG4: sq. Comp. Austria ; Bohemia; Hungary.
Mariales, Xantis, an Italian theologian, was born at Venice at the close of the 16th centurj-. He belonged to a patrician family of the Pinards. He was appoint- ed lecturer at Padua, and afterwards inspector of the schools. These offices he filled till 1624, when he re- tired in order to give his whole time to politics. His zeal for Rome and his hatred towards France caused his expulsion from his native country twice. He retired to Boulogne, afterwards obtained his recall from ban- ishment, and died in April, 1660. We give liim place here mainly on account of his many theological produc- tions. The most important are Controversice ad univer- sam summam Theologies St. Thomce A quinatis (Venice, 1624, fol.) : — Biblioth. Lnterjn-etum ad unit. summ. theol. St. ThomoB (Ven. 1660, 4to) : — Stravaganze nuovamente segnite nel Christianissimo regno di Fru7icia (Col. 1646 4to) : — Enormita inaudita nuovamente iiscite in luce nel Christianismo regno di Francia, contra il decora della sede apostolica Romana in due libri intitolati; Vuno: Dell' arrogante potesta de Papi in difesa della chiesa Galli- cana; Vcdtro Del Divitto della Reg cdia (Frkf. 1649, 4to). — Hocfer, Noia\ Jiiog. Generale, xxxiii, 615.
Marianine {^lapia^vi], a Greek form of the Heb. Miriam), the name of several females of the Herodian family, whose historj' is detailed by Josephus, especially the two following (see Smith, Z'lW. of Class. Biog. s. v.):
1. The daughter of Alexander, son of Aristobulus, and of Alexandra, daughter of Hyrcanus, high-priest of the Jews, was the most beautifiU princess of her age. She married Herod the Great, by whom she had two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, and two daughters, Salam- pso and Cypros: also a son called Herod, who died young, during his studies at Rome. Herod was excessively fond of ^Marianine, who but sliglitly returned bis pas- sion, and at length cherished a deadly hatred towards him. Herod had her put to death, but afterwards his affection for her became stronger than ever. Josephus mentions a tower that Herod built in Jerusalem, which he named Marianine. See Herod.
2. A daughter of the high-priest Simon, and likewise wife of Herod the Great; by him she had a son called Philip, who married first the infamous Herodias, after- wards paramour of Herod Antipas, and the instigator of the death t)f -lolni the Baptist. See Herodian Family.
Mariana, Ji;an, a distinguished Spanish Jesuit, was bom at Talavera, in the diocese of Toledo, in 1537. In 1554 he joined the Jesuits, and soon acq\iired great rep- utation for his historical, theological, and philological learning. In 1561 he taught theology at Rome (where the celebrated Bellarmine was one of his pupils), and in 1565 in Sicily; in 1509 he went to Paris, where lie re- mained five years, and lectured on Thomas Arpiinas. In 1574 he returned to Spain on account of his health.
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