Morghen : a St. Catharine, tcith two Angels, after Leo-
faithful witness, wliose main object was to propagate principles akin to those of Herder, but in a more ortho- dox sense. His writings, which have mainly an apolo- getical value, are as follows. Philosophisclie Atijsdtze
nardo da Vinci. See Nagler, A llgemeines Kiinstler-LeX' ikon, s. V. ; .Spooner. /Hog. IHgt. of the Fine A rts, s. v. MUller, Johann Gottlieb, a German theolo-
(Breslau, 1789) : — Unterhalliingtn mil Serena (Winter- [ gian, who lahdreil largily fur the elevation of the masses thur, 1793-1803): — Behnntnisse merku-iirdiger Manner \ and the spreading of holiuess among the rural popula- von sich selbst (1791, 179.5,3 vols.) : — Jh-iefe iiber das Stu- j tion of (ierniany, was born at ^\'al(lorf, near Lnhau. ( >ct. dium der Wissetischaften, etc. (1798 ; 2d ed. 1807) -.— The- \ .30. 17G0. He was educated at the University ..f Wit- ophil, Unterludtungen iiber die clirisll. Religion (1801), , tenberg. He was appointed in 17^4 minister at Pudro- which treats of religion, mythology, revelation, tlie Old sche. near Muskaii ; in 1802 minister at .binkendorf and and New Testaments, and reading and explanation of l UUersdorf, near Niesky; and in 180'J minister at Ncu-
MULLER
129
MULLION
kircli, near Bautzen, where he died, Jan. 11, 1829. His most important works are, Ueber die schrecklichm Folgen odcr \Virkungei\ des Aufruhrs (Gorlitz, 1793, 8vo) : — Oherlausitzische Reformatiomgeschichte (ibid. 1801, 8vo) : —Christoph Fromman zu Lobethal, oder: Der Landmann als Christ, wie tr sein sollte und ist. Eiii Christliches Sittenhuch ftir den lieben Bauernstand (ibid. 1803, 8vo). See During, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschlands, iv, 590, 591.
Miiller, Johann Stephan, a German theolo- gian, was born at Smalobuch, in the Black Forest, July 20, 1730, and was educated at the gymnasium at Kudol- stadt and the University of Jena. In 1756 he was ap- pointed an assistant of the philosophical faculty, and became also a member of the Latin Society at Jena, and in 1758 assessor of the consistory at Kudolstiidt. In 1759 he was appointed professor extraordinary of phi- losophy at Jena, and in 1763 he was made professor at Giessen. He became a member of the academies of sciences at Erfurt, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and at Gies- sen. In 1768 he was honored with the superintendency of the diocese of Slarburg, in which place he died, Oct. 24, 1768. His most important works are, Dubiorum ufrique modo, quo procedunt Theologi in exjAicmida iin- putatione peccuti Adamitici oppositorum, brevis et mo- desta resolutio ac utriusque islius conciliatio (Jena, 1752, 4to) : — Diss, ufruni doctrina de mentis materialitate hy- pothesis p)hilosophica possit vocari, et quo ostenso, an ilia prohabilior doctrina de simplicitate animi? (ibid. 1753, 4to) : — Diss, philosophica de hominis obligatione ad utendum mediis revelationis vel ante admissam illius veritatem divinam (ibid. 1755, 4to) : — Dus. sententias Protestantium juris naturce doctorum de lege naturali a vifuperaiionibus eel. P. Desingii defendens (ibid. 1756, 4to) : — Diss, metaphysica sententiam Philosophorum Christianorum de mundi et substantiaruni origine nova qnndam hypoihesi contra systemata A ristotelis defendens (ibid. 1757, 4to) : — Die Unschuld Luther's in der Lehre von dem Zustande der Seek nach dem Tode, wider die in vnsern Tagen erregte Beschuldigung, als ob derselbe ein Seeli'iischlii/ir gewesen sei, geretiet (ibid. 1757, 4to) : — Dass Luther die Lehre vom Seelenschlafe nie geglaubt httbc, ireiter und mit den stdrksten Griinden erwiesen (ibid. 1759, 4to) : — Diss. Quid Reformati? ah eo vix Pontificii deflectunt in doctrina de S. Ccena, quod ojftn- dunt Reformati (ibid. 1776, 4to) : — De novis inter Regem Gallorum et Magistratum dissensionihus quid mihi vide- tur (ibid. 1766, 8vo). See Doring, Gelehrte Theol. Deutscldaivh, s. v.
MiiHer, Karl Ottfried, one of the most distin- guished classical scholars of recent times, is noted for his labors in the department of comparative religion, hav- ing furnished works very valuable on Grecian mythol- ogy and religion. He was born Aug. 28, 1797, at Brieg, in Silesia, and received a careful education. He de- voted himself, at the universities of Breslau and Berlin, to philological and archteological studies, and the first fruit of his learning was the publication of the ^iJgine- ticorum Liber (Berlin, 1817), Shortly after he received an appointment to the Magdalenum in Breslau, where his leisure hours were devoted to a grand attempt to analyze the whole circle of Greek myths. In 1819 he obtained an archteological chair in Gottingen ; and to thoroughly prepare himself for it, visited the collections in Germany, France, and England. His great design was to embrace the whole life of ancient Greece, its art, politics, industry, religion, in one warm and vivid con- ception— in a word, to cover the skeletons of anti(iuity with flesh, and to make the dry bones live. With this view he lectured and wrote with a fine, earnest anima- tion, until the political troubles in Hanover made his position uncomfortable. He obtained permission to travel, and made tours in Greece and Italy, but unfor- tunately died of an intermittent fever at Athens, Aug. 1, 1840. Mliller's literary and scholarly activity stretched over the whole field of Greek antiquity, furnishing many new and striking elucidations of the geography and to-
pography, literature, grammar, mythology, manners and customs of the ancients. The work of special interest to us is his Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen My- thologie (Gottingen, 1825, 8vo; Engl, by Leitch, Lond. 1844, 8vo). His work on the Dorians is also valuable to the student of comparative religion, as well as his work on the Etruscans. " MuUer," says a contemporary, " was a man of the most extensive and varied acquire- ments, and of a keen and penetrating judgment. He acquired a European reputation at a comparatively early age. His numerous works, however, are not all of equal merit, and the two faults more particularly to be no- ticed are his great haste in the composition of his works and a tendency to theorize and generalize on insufficient grounds. But in extent of knowledge and reading there scarcely ever was a scholar who surpassed him." See Neuer Nekrolog der Deutschen fiir 1841 ; Lucke, Erin- nerungen an Karl Ottfried Miiller (Getting. 1841, 8vo), which contains an admirable delineation of Muller's per- sonal character.