In the 8th century the place of the angels was repre- sented by two columns in the Church of the Ascension itself (Willibald, Juirly Trav, p. 19). So it remained, with some trifiing difference, at the time of Saewulfs visit (A.D. 1102), but there was then also a chapel in
existence — apparently on the northern summit — pur- porting to stand where Christ made his first ajipearance after the resurrection, and called " Galilee." So it con- tinued at Maundeville's visit (1322). In 1580 the two pillars were still shown in the Church of the Ascension (Radzivil, Peregrin, p. 75, cited by Williams, Holy City, ii, 127, note), but in the 16th century (Tobler, p. 75) the tradition had relinquished its ancient and more appropri- ate seat, and thenceforth became attached to the northern summit, where Maundrell (A.D. 1G97) encountered it {Harh/ Trav. p. 471), and where it even now retains some hold, the name Kalilea being occasionally applied to it by the Arabs (see Pococke and Scholz, in Tobler, p. 72). An ancient tower connected with the tradition was in course of demolition during ^Maundrell's visit, "a Turk having bought the field in which it stood." The summit is now crowned by a confused heap of ruins, en- compassed by a vineyard.
5. Literature. — A monograph on the IVIount of Ol- ives, exhausting every source of information, and giv- ing the fullest references, will be found in Tobler's Silo- ahquelle, und der Oelberg (St. Gallen, 1852). Earlier monographs have been written in Latin bv Bibelhau- sen (Lips. 1704); Ortlob (Viteb. IGOG); Sylling (Hafn. 1697). See also Hamilton, Mount of Olives (Lond. 1863). The ecclesiastical traditions are in Quaresmius, Elucidatio Terra Sanctm, ii, 277-340 ; Geramb, nigrim- arje, i, 210 sq. ; Williams, //o/(/ City, vol. ii; and others. Doubdan's account {Le Voyage dans la Terre Suinte, Par- is, 1657) is excellent, and his plates very correct. The Rabbinical traditions are contained in Lightfoot {0pp. ii, 201), Reland {Palcest. p. 337), and others. Modern de- scriptions are given by Bartlett {Walks, etc., p. 94 sq. ; Jerusalem Revisited, p. 114 sq.), Robinson {Researches, ii, 405 sq.), Olin {Travels, ii, 127), Barclay (City of the Great King, p. 59 sq.), Stanley {Hin. and Pal. p. 183 sq.), and others. The best topographical delineation is that contained in the last English Oi'dnance Survey of Jerusalem (Lond. 18G5, 3 vols. fob). See Jerusalem.
Oli'vet, PiEUKE Joseph, abbot of Thoulier, a French Roman Catholic theologian and writer, was born at Sa- lins April 1, 1G82. On leaving college he joined the Jesuits, passing successively some time in the Jesuit colleges of Rheims, Dijon, and Paris. In this manner he became acquainted with a number of distinguished men, such as Maucroix. the friend of Lafontaine, father Oudin, president Bouhier, Boileau, Huet, La JMonnoye, J. B. Rousseau, etc. They incited him to write, and his first attempts were French verses ; but soon finding that he would never succeed in poetry, he gave it up and ap- plied himself to Latin prose. He was a great admirer of the ancients, and especially of Cicero, whom he con- sidered as the only master of eloquence. In 1713 he was sent to Rome by his superiors for the purpose of writing the history of the society; but frightened at the long time he would be obliged to devote to this uncon- genial employment, Olivet left the society as he was about taking the final vows. They vainly offered him the place of instructor to the prince of Asturias to in- duce him to remain. In 1723 Olivet was elected a member of the French Academy. He passed the re- mainder of his life at Paris, engaged in various literary works, and in occasional squabbles with his associates in the academy. He died Oct. 8, 17G8. The personal character of Olivet appears, notwithstanding the at- tacks of some of his enemies, to have been without re- proach. Among his numerous friends, ■who always spoke of him with the greatest respect, no one appears to have had a higher opinion of his talents and virtues than Voltaire, who was introduced by Olivet into the French Academy (see Discours de M. de Voltaire a VA cademie Fran^aise.m his (Euvres completes, vol. xlvi). Several letters of Voltaire to Olivet are extant. Olivet's principal work is an edition of Cicero, which was orig- inally published at Paris (1740-1742, 9 vols. 4to). It is of little critical value, though it contains many useful notes, chiefiy extracted from preceding commentators.
OLIVETAN"
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OLIVIER
It was reprinted at Geneva (1758, 9 vols. 4to), and very incorrectly at Oxford (1783, 10 vols. 4to). Olivet's trans- lations of (;icero are some of the best that have been l)ublished, though, like most of the French translations, they are deficient in accuracy. Of these the principal are, the De Natura Deoruin (1721, 1732, etc.) : — Tuscu- hmce Qucestiones (1737, 1747), of which the third and fifth books are translated by Bouhier: — the Orations against Catiline, together with the Philippics of De- mosthenes (1727, 173(}, etc.). He also edited extracts from Cicero, with a translation into French, nnder the title of Pensees de Ciceron, which has been frequently reprinted and extensively used in the Frencli schools. The only other work of Olivet worthy of notice is his continuation of Pelisson, IJisloife de VAcademie Fran- goise (1729, 2 vols. 4to; 1730, 2 vols. 12mo), etc. See Elo(/e de VA bbe d'Olivet, Necroloffe (1770) ; D'Alembert, Hist, des Alemhres de VAcademie Frangaise, vol. vi ; Ba- chaumont, Memoires secrets (Oct. 1768) ; Mairet, Eloge histor. et litter, de PAbhe d'Olivet (1839). — Hoefer, Nouv. Bioq. Generale, xxxviii, 026 sq.; Engl. Cyclop, s. v. (J. N. i'.)