Spalding, Josiah, a Congregational minister, was born at Flainfield, Conn., Jan. 10, 1761. He graduated at Yale College in 1778; was ordained at Uxbridge, Mass., Sept. 11, 1782; dismissed in 1787, After dismis- sion he was installed at Washington, Mass., and in 1794 | at Bucklaiui, Mass., where he died, May 8, 1823. " He ; was a faithful preacher of evangelical sentiments." See Congregational Quarterly, 1859, p. 44,
Span (rii^T, zereth, according to the rabbins the
little finger, Exod, xxviii, 16 ; xxxix, 9 ; 1 Sam. xvii, 4; Isa. xl, 12; Ezek, xliii, 13; elsewhere some form of nSIJ, taphdch, to sjjread upon the hands; hence to ex- tend a jialm's breadth, Isa. xlviii, 13; or carry in the arms, Lam. ii, 20, " a span long"), a Hebrew measure of tliree hand-breadths, or twelve finger-ljreadths; appar- ently half a cubit (comp. Exod. xxv, 10 with Josephus, Ant. iii, 6, 5), See Metkology.
Spandrel, the triangular spaces included between the arch of a tioorway, etc., and a rectangle formed by the outer mouldings over it. The term is also applied
St. Alban's Abbey Church, cir. 1400,
to other similar spaces included between arches, etc., and straight- sided figures surrounding them : they are usually ornamented with tracery, foliage, shields, or other enrichments. In the Perpendic- ular style the doorways most commonly have the outer mouldings arranged in a square over the head so as to form spandrels above the arch. In the earlier styles this arrangement is very seldom found in the doorways, but sprandrels are sometimes used in other parts of bidl<l- ings, especially in decorated work, in which they are frequent, as at Ely, In the west door of the chapel of
Ely Cathedral,
Magdalen College, Oxford, the spandrels of the outer arch (which stands considerably in front of tlie actual doorway, so as to form a shallow porch) are cut quite through and left open. The spandrels of a door were sometimes termed the hanse or haunch of a door, — Par- ker, Gloss, of Architecture, s, v,
Spangenberg, Augustus Gottlieb, a bishop of the Moravian Brotherhood, was born at Kletfenberg, Hanover, July 15, 1704. In 1722 he entereti the Uni- versity of Jena as a student of law. but he soon gave up this pursuit to devote himself to the study of theology. The famous Buddeus was his professor, and he devoted all his energies to his theological studies, to such a de- gree that he was allowed to lecture from 1726 to 1732 on theological topics. In 1727 he made the acquaint- ance of count Zinzendorf and the Moravians, and in 1735 we see Spangenberg at Herrnhut, where he began a very useful work as assistant minister. For many years he fulfilled the most important duties for the Brethren by visiting their churches in North America, the West Indies, and in England, confirming them in the faith. In 1744 he was ordained Moravian bishop at Herrnhut, and in 1762, after Zinzendorfs death, he became his successor as bishop of Barliy, where he died, Sept. 18, 1792. He was a man of great piety and talent, Knapp calls him the "Melancthon of the Brethren."
SPANGENBERG
906
SPANHEIM
SDanccnbcrc wrote, hha Fidei Fratrum (Barby, 1779): 1 of Mansfild with troops and dealt harshly with the sup- —lXh <I,.i Oro/'fH Ziiizrmlorf (\\M. 177'_>-7.'>). He \ porters ofFlacius. Spansenbers was compelled to flee
clothed in tlie dress of a midwife. He tarried for a time in Thurinfcia, and on Sept. 9, 1577, engaged in a colloquy at Sondershausen with Jakob Andreii (q. v.), the results of which he published; but instead of ef- fecting an amelioration of his condition, as he had hoped, this measure resulted only in the expulsion of count A'olmar of Mansfeld, iiis patron, from his ances- tral seat. The two now went to 8trasburg, where count Volmar died in the following year. Soon afterwards Spangenberg became pastor at Schlitzsee, on the Fulda, but was again driven out in consequence of the zeal with which he defended his views of original sin. The landgrave of Hesse afforded him an asylum at Yacha, near Smalkald, where he tlevoted himself exclusively to literary work and obtained a meagre support; liiit his foes gave him no rest, and he finally retired with his wife to Strasburg, where he received a cordial wel- come from the canon, count Ernest of Mansfeld. He died Feb. 10, 1G04. Spangenberg won for himself, de- s|)ite his untoward circumstances, a distinguished place among the scholars of his time, particularly witli re- spect to theology and history. His writings comprise numentus w-orks on original sin, sermons on various sid)jects, doctrinal and ethical treatises, and expositions of several Pauline epistles. Tlie historical works are either wholly confined to the realm of the Church his- tory of tjermany or serve to elucidate particular points in that history. They are very numerous. All his works are written in pure and generally appropriate language, forceful and direct. See Leuckfeld, Hhtoria Spati'icnbergensis, etc. (Quedlinb. 1712, 4to); Adam [Melch.], Vitw Theolotj. 6>n«. (Heidelb. 1620); Kinder- vater, Nordhusa Illustris, p. 280 sq. ; Schliisselburg, Ca- (alofji Hwret. Lib. Ill ( Francf. 1597-99); Musiius [Sim.], Praf. ad Flew. Clan: S. S.; Arnoldi, Kirchtn- hislorie, iv, 95 sq. ; Walch, De Hist. Doctrince de Pcccafo Origiiiali, in the Miscell. Saa-a, p. 173 sq. ; Salig. Gesck. d. Avgsh. Coti/ession (Halle, 1730), iii ; Planck, Gesch. d. protest. Lehrh.'w; Klippel, Deutsche Lehens- v. Charak- terbilder avs d. drei letzten Jahrhunderten (Bremen, 1853), vol. i. — Herzog, Reul-Encyklop. s. v.