SPANHEIM
90;
SPARK
ployed the leisure afforded him in that station for the stud}- of German national law and the history of the Konian emperors. He also wrote upon these subjects. lie visited Italy and studied numismatics, and became acquainted with Christina of Sweden and with Sophia, the mother of duke George of Hanover, who afterwards became king of England. Sophia brought him back to Germany in 1GG5, and after that date he officiated as ambassador for the elector to different courts, etc. He died in 1710 in London, where he was ambassador, and was buried in VV^estminster Abbey. All his works alter 1G52 were of a political or general historical and philosophical character. — Herzog, Real-Eiicyklvp. s. V.
Spanheim, Friedrich (1), theological professor at Geneva and Leyden, was born Jan. 1, IGOO, at Am- berg, in the Palatinate. After completing his studies at Heidelberg and Geneva, he accepted the place of tu- tor in the family of the viscount de VitroUes, in order that he might contribute towards the financial relief of his father, then suffering from the misfortimes which had come upon the country. He afterwards journeyed to England, in 1625, and on his return to Geneva was appointed to the chair of philosophy. Tiie departments of logic and physics were assigned to him. In 1629 he received the freedom of the city, and in 1631 he be- came the successor of the famous theological professor Tiirretin (q. v. ). During the j'ears 1633-37, he offi- ciated as rector of the academy, and in that capacity delivered the jubilee oration in connection with the cen- tenary of the Genevan Reformation (1635). A call to tlie theological chair in the University of Leyden was extended to him in 1641, and the earnest request of the States-General, supported bv that of the queen of Bohemia, induced the (ienevan authorities to consent to his dismissal. He removed to Leyden in October, 1642, and in his new position took active part in the controversy with Amyraut (q. v.). He died April 30, 1648, leaving two sons, Ezekiel and Friedrich (q. v.). The works of Spanheim include: against Amyraut, Dis- putatio de Gratia Unicersali (Lugd. Bat. 1644) : — Exer- citat. de. Gratia Univermli (ibid. 1646): — Kpist. ad Matt. Cottier, de Gratia Universuli ( ibid. 1648 ) : — Vindicim Exercitationum, etc. (Amst. 1649) ; see Schweizer, Prot. Central- Dogmen, ii, 340. His other theological writ- ings are, Duhia Evancjelica JJisciissa et I'iiulicata ((Jen. 1634-39), a work of vast learning and great acute- iiess : — Disput. Anabaptisticm (Lugd. Bat. 1643) : — Di- atribn Hist, de Origine, Proyressu, et Sectis A nahaj)tista- rum (Franeker, 1645), appended to Joan. Cloppenburgii Gangrmia Theologim Anabaptist, translated into Eng- lish (Lond. 1646) : — E]mt. ad Dai}. Buchanan super Con- trovers, quibusdam qum in Ecclesiis Anglicanis agifan- tur (Lugd. Bat. 1645), in vol. ii of his son Friedrich's Works: — Disput. Theolog. Syntagma (Geneva, 1652), falsely ascribed to his son : — three sermons, Les Trones de Grace, de Jugement, et de Gloire (Leyden, 1644; (ieneva, 1649). See Regist. de la Venerab. Compagnie des Pas- teurs de Geneve ; Grenus, Fragm. Biogr. et Hist. Ex- traits des Registres du Conseil d'Etat (Geneva, 1815) ; Senebier, Hist. Litteraire de Geneve (ibid. 1786), ii, 191- 195 ; Schweizer, Moses A myraldus, in Baur u. Zeller's Theol. .fahrbiicher, 1852, Nos. 1 and 2. — Herzog, Real- Encgklop. s. v.
Spanheim, Friedrich (2), the younger brother of Ezekiel, was born at Geneva in 1632, and graduated doctor of philosophy in 1652 at Leyden. His dying father, however, induced him to devote himself to the- ology. He became the pupil of Fridland, Heidan, and Cocceius, and preached as a candidate in different churches of Zealand and Utrecht. In 1655 he was call- ed to a theological professorship at Heidell)erg by the elector palatine, Charles Louis, and entered on the du- ties of that position after having received the doctorate of divinity at Leyeleu ; but in 1670 he returned to the latter town and became prufesior of tiieulogy and sa-
cred history in its university. He was a thorough Cal- vinist in his views, and defended the teachings of Cal- vinism in several writings against Des Cartes and Coc- ceius. He was four times rector and held the office of chief librarian, and, in addition, was a most pro- lific writer, aciiieving such success in the latter charac- ter that he was dismissed from teacldng in order that he might devote himself exclusively to authorsliip. He died in 1701, after having arranged for the publica- tion of the first volume of his Complete Works. Two volumes remained, which were given to the public by his pupil and colleague John Marck, under the title Opera quutenus Comj>lectuntur Geogr. Chronol. et /list. Sacr. atque Ecclesiaslicam (Lugd. Bat. 1701-3, 3 vols, fol.). The works of Spanheim cover a wide range and embrace writings intr'oductory to theology, an introduc- tion to the Scriptures, exegesis. Biblical archajology and Church history, dogmatics, polemics, and practical theology, and also sermons. See Niceron, Memoirespour sercir a P Hist, des Ilommes Illustres (Paris, 1734), xxix, 11-26; Chauffepie, A'oMyeoM Dictionnaire Hislor. et Cri- tique (Amst. et La Haye, 1750-56) ; comp. also the dis- course preached at Spanheim's funeral (Jan. 6, 1701) and contained in the Complete Works of Jakob Trig- land. — Herzog, Rval-Encyklop. s. v.
Spanish Architecture. In the South few early Gothic buildings remain, and those which exist were mainly erected in the 15th century; but in the North the Obra de Godos ( Gothic ), the Romanesque, and Geometrical Pointed (Tudesco) are represented. The German Middle Pointed, as well as French art, clearh' influenced the designers in Spain. The old system of parallel eastern apses gave way to the affection for a chevet, with its processional path and circlet of chapels. The constructional choirs are usually very short. The choir of a Spanish church occupies the eastern half of the nave. The westward portion of the latter is called the truscoro ; the part eastward of the choir is called entre los dos coros. Under the cimborio, or lantern, is the crucero, or crossing. A passage fenced with screens of metal-work affords the clergy a means of access to the screen in front of the altar in the sanctuary, or capilla mayor. In the centre of the coro are several lecterns for the choir-books; and on the west, north, and south are stalls, the bishop occupying a central stall facing east. Pulpits are erected against the western faces of the eastern pillars of the crossing. This curious ar- rangement, which has been followed at Westminster Abbey, is probably not earlier than the 16th century. About the same time, in parish churches, large western galleries of stone were erected for the choir, as at Coim- bra, Braga. and Braganza, and provided with ambons at the angles. Tlie choir was in the centre of the nave at the Lateran, St. Mary the Great, St. Laurence's, and St. Clement's, at Rome, by a basilican arrangement. — Walcott, Sacred Archreol. s. v.