STUFFO
1069
STURGE
Studites was confined at Mesope, and afterwards (819) at Smyrna. Balbus gave liim his liberty in 821 and permitted the adoration of images in private; but the zeal of Studites soon compelled his renewed banishment from Constantinople. He took up his abode on the isl- and of Chalcis, and died there, Nov. 11, 820. He com- posed a number of letters, poems, and other writings against the iconoclasts, for which see IJellarniine, De Scriptotibus Eccles. [Colon. lt)«4], p. 151. Part V of Jacques Sirmond's Opvrii Varia (Venet. 1728) is almost exclusively devoted to Theodore Studites and his writ- ings. Comp. also the literary references in CJieseler,
Kirchmgesch. (Boiui, 1846), H, i, 10 sq llerzog, litul-
Encyklop. s. v.
Stuffo, an unknown divinity worshipped among the ancient Saxons, supposed to have presided over their drinking customs and to have i)een the patron of revel- lers.— VoUmer, Wurteib. d. Mythol. s. v.
Stuffs USED IN THE MiDDLE AoES. The names Damask, Sarcenet ( Saracenuruin opus ), S>/pers ( cloth of Cj'prus), and Levantine brocades, of silver and gold, made in the Lebanon ; Orphreys, " the gold of Phrygia ;" A italic robes, splendid cloths of Asia Minor; and the embroidery, veils, silks, and cloths of Alexandria, be- speak the place of manufacture. Byzantium was also a considerable producer. The earlier patterns are By- zantine, with flowing and geometrical designs, animals, and birds. In the 13th century arms of donors were introduced, and in the 14th century sjilendid borders, representing saints, angels, and evangelists, were added to vestments. In England, embroidery of Alexandria, Indian sarait, color de Painaz, Turkey-work, cloth of Antioch, Tripolis, Tartaryn, Tiretaine, cloth of Tyre (so called from its bright tint). Tarsus, India, Tarse de Nak, Tuly, Inde di Gangi, and Moire de Tarse are mentioned as used in vestments, all being of Eastern importation. — Walcott, Sac. A rchceol. s. v.
Stulir, Peter Feddersen, a German scholar, was born at Flensburg, May 28, 1787, studied law at Kiel, and in 1806 philosophy at Heidelberg and Halle. In 1821 he commenced lecturing at the Berlin University, was promoted in 1826 as professor of philosophy, and died March 13, 1851. He wrote. Die Slaaten des Alter- thiinis und der christl. Zeit (Heidelberg, 1811): — Uebe?- den Untergang der Naturstuaten (Berlin, 1812): — ^6- handluiu/en iiber nordische Allerthiimer (ibid. 1817): — Die chinesische Reichsreligion und die Systeme der in- dischen Philosophie in ihrem Verhaltnisse zur Offen- bamngslehre (ibid. 1835): — Allgemeine Geschichte der Religionsformen der keidnischen Volhr (ibid. 1836-38, 2 vols.) : — Das Verhdllnus der christlichen Theologie zur Philosophie und Mythologie (ibid. 1842) : — Vom Stnats- leben nnch platonischen, aristotelischen und christlichen Grundsdtzen (ibid. 1850). See Regemburger Conver- sations-Lexikon, s. v. ; Theolog. Universal- Lexikon, s. v. ; Zuchold, Bibl. Theolog. ii, 1290. (B. P.)
Stukeley, William, an English divine and an- tiquarian, was born at Holi)each, in Lincolnshire, Nov. 7, 1687. He was admitted into Bene't College, Cam- brido'e, Nov. 7, 1703, and took the degree of M.B. in 1709. He first began to practice at Boston, in his na- tive county, but removed to London in 1717, where he was soon after elected F.IJ.S. The degree of M.I), he took at Cambridge in 1719, and was admitted a feUow of the College of Phj-sicians in the year following. Later his thoughts were turned to the Church, and he was ordained at Croydon, .hdy 20, 1720, In October following he was presented to the living of All-Souls', Stamford. He became cha])lain to the duke of Ancas- ter, and also received from him the living of Somerby, near Grantham, in 1739. In 1741 he preached the 30th of January sermon before tlie House of Commons, and in that year became one of the founders of the Egyptian Society. In 1747 he vacated his preferments in the country, and received the rectory of St. ( Jeorge's, (^leen Square. He died March 3, 1765. In addition to other
works on antiquities, he wrote, Pula-ogrophia Sacra, or JHscourses on the Monuments of Antupiily that Relate to Sacred JJistory (1736, 4u>):—Slonehenge, a Temjde Re- stored to the British Druids (1740, fol.) •.—Abury,a Tem- ple of the British Druids Described (1743, fol.) :—^Vr- ww/w (1742, 4to; 1750, 4to; 1756, 8vo). See Chalmers, Biog. Diet. 8. v. ; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer, A uthors, s. V.
Stumbling-block (brciSTS, mikshol, irp6<TK0fifia, which literally denote any object over which a person may trip the foot, and hence, figuratively, a cause of ruin or disgust; but nb'JI'p, maksheldh, is oidy used of a physical " r«tV' [Isa. iii, 6], or an idid [" stumbling- block," i. e, incitement to apostasy, Zeph. i, 6 ] ; and aKHV^aXov [1 Cor. i, 23; 1 John ii, 10; Kev. ii, 14; elsewhere "oflFence"] is properly the trap-stick to which the bait is fastened in a snare). The roads in Eastern countries are, for the most part, nothing more than ac- customed tracks, worn to something like a level by the passing of travellers and caravans. See Koai>. When rocks and stones are placed in these tracks, riders are exposed to great danger from the stumbling of the horses; and hence Isaiah (Ixiii, 13), describing God's glorious deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt, says, " He led them through the deep, as a horse in the wil- derness, that they should not stumble." Kobbers and plundering liordes frequently placed huge stones and branches of trees across the roads, as stumbling-blocks to check and perplex caravans, in order that they might attack them during the confusion which such impedi- ments would necessarily create. Thus (Jer. vi, 21), "Therefore thus saith the Lord, Beliold, I will lay stumbling-blocks before this people, and the father and the sons together shall fall upon them; the neighbor and his friend shall perish" (see Hackett, Jllust. of Script. p. 19, 22). See Offence.