Asia; but from the fact that of Onesimus, who is men- tioned immediately afterwards, it is said, og tariv t$ if^iujv, whereas Tychicus is not so styled, we naturally infer that the latter was not a native of that city. These two men were doubtless the bearers both of this letter and the following, as well as that to Philemon. (3.) The language concerning Tychicus in Eph. vi, 21,22 is very similar, though not exactly in the same words. It is the more important to notice this passage carefully, be- cause it is the only personal allusion in the epistle, and is of some considerable value as a subsidiary argument for its authenticity. If this was a circular letter, Tych- icus, who bore a commission to Colossa?, and who was probably well known in various parts of 'the province of Asia, would be a very proper person to see the letter duly delivered and read. (4.) The next references are in the Pastoral Epistles, the tirst in chronological order being Tit. iii, 12. Here Paul (writing possibly from Ephesus) says that it is probable he may send Tychicus to Crete, about the time when he himself goes to Ni- copolis. (5.) In 2 Tim. iv, 12 (written at Home during the second imprisonment) he says, '• I am herewith send- ing Tychicus to Ephesus." At least it seems natural, with Dr. Wordsworth, so to render c'tTriaTtiXa, though Bp. EUicott's suggestion is also worth considering, that this mission may have been connected with the carry- ing of the Ji?-st epistle. (See their notes on the pas- sage.) However this may be, we see this disciple at the end, as we saw him at the beginning, connected locally with Asia, while also co-operating with Paul. We have no authentic information concerning Tychicus in any period previous to or subsequent to these five scriptural notices. The tradition which places him af- terwards as bishop of Chalcedon in BithjMiia is appar- ently of no value. But there is much probability in the conjecture (Stanley's Corinthians, 2d ed. p. 493) that Tychicus was one of the two " brethren" (Trophimus being the other) who were associated with Titus (2 Cor. viii, 16-24) in conducting the business of the collection for the poor Christians in Judiea. As arguments for this view we may mention the association with Trophi- mus, the probability that both were Ephesians, the oc- currence of both names in the Second Epistle to Timo- thy (see 2 Tim. iv. 20), the chronological and geograph- ical agreement with the circumstances of the third mis- sionary joiirne}', and the general language used concern- ing Tychicus in Colossians and Ephesians. — Smith. See Asia; Ephesus; Trophimus.
Tycho, in Greek mythology, -was a doemon similar to Couisalus, generally found represented in company with Priapus.
Tychonius, a Donatist of the 4th century, who dis- played an impartial and sincere desire to arrive at the truth with respect to the controversy between his sect and the Church. He is described as having been learn- ed in the Scriptures, tolerably acquainted with history and with secular literature, and zealously interested in the aflfairs of the Church. He regarded the Church as the sole divinely provided remedial institution, into which all men must enter if they would attain to sal- vation ; and therefore held that the moral state of the members cannot destroy the value and efficiency of the Church. He was also consistent in protesting against the rebaptism of persons who became Donatists. His views were attacked as heretical by the Donatist Par- menian (q. v.), and drew forth an epistle from Augus- tine. Tychonius was accused of being a Chiliast, but the charge is probably untrue. A single work from his pen remains, tlie Liber Septem Rer/uiis, first published bv GryniEus (Basle, 1569), and afterwards in a better edition by Gallandi in the Bibl. I'et. Patruin (Venet. 1772), viii, 107-129. The work is designed to serve as a guide to the interpretation of the Scriptures, and some of its rules are still f<illowed by some expositors: e.-g., the sixth, De Recapitulatione, which teaches that the same thing is sometimes repeatedly narrated or de-
TYCHSEN
605
TYLER
scribed, especially in the Apocalypse, so that successive narratives do not necessarily refer to successive events. The book furnished Isidore of Seville the idea for his work Sententiaruni Libri Tres. As tlie earliest endeavor to construct a theory of Christian hermeneutics, the work certainly deserves attention. It would appear from Augustine that Tychonius died about o90; but Gennadius {De Script, Eccles. c. 18) fixes a later time. Gallandi furnished a sketch of Tychonius in Proleg. to Bibl. Vet. Pair. VIII, ii, 5, and a more careful notice is given in Tillemont, Meinoires pour servir ii V Hist. Eccl. des Six premiers Siecles (2d ed. Paris, 1704), vi, 81 sq., 145-150. See Herzog, Reul-Encyklop. s. v.
Tychsen, Olaiis Gerhard, a German Talmudist, was born Dec. 14, 1734, at Tondern, a town in Sleswick. He studied the classical and Oriental languages in the gymnasium of Altona, with the exception of Arabic, which he acquired from a merchant whose business had caused him to reside during many years in North Africa. He finished his theological course at Halle, and was soon afterwards appointed a teaclier in G. A. Franke's Or- phanage. While so employed he learned the English, Hindostani, and Tamil languages from a missionary (Schuiz). His favorite study, however, was the Rab- binical Talmud, in whose language he was so proficient as to be able to speak and write with great ease. He was, in April, 1759, appointed missionary to the Jews and Mohammedans, and travelled in that capacity through North Germany, Prussia. Denmark, and Saxony, but without accomplishing anything. In the synagogue at Altona his sermon even earned for him a severe beating. In 17G0 Tychsen went to the University of Butzow, in Mecklenburg, as mugister legens, and remained there un- til Butzow was united with the University of Rostock and transferred to the latter place, when he likewise removed thither. He died Dec. 30, 1815. Tychsen had earned a great reputation, as is attested by his election to numerous societies and by many flattering testimo- nials; but this reputation respected simply the extent, and not at all the thoroughness, of his knowledge. He possessed solid acquirements only in the Rabbinical, and joined with them a keen eve and considerable skill for the detection of foreign written characters ; but he was deficient in judgment, ready to venture the most improb- able hypotheses, and anxious for notoriety. He is con- sequentl}' important only as a Talmudist, a numisma- tist, and an epigrapher. His controversy with Kenni- cott and Bayer directed attention to him more than any other incident of his career, and it afforded evi- dence of all the traits described above — his wide learn- ing, obstinate orthodoxy, and want of critical judgment. In this dispute he wrote, Tentamen de Variis Codicum Ilebr. Vet. Test.MSS. Generibus (Rost.l772,8vo),in sup- port of the Masoretic text: — Befreiles Teniamen, etc. (1774) : — and a supplement (1776). He insisted that the Greek versions had been made from a Hebrew text writ- ten in Greek characters, and advocated the no less sin- gular theory that the Samaritan Pentateuch had been copied from a Hebraeo-Jewish (Masoretic) text with the vowel-points — the latter in Disputatio Ilist.-phil.-crit. de Pent. Samarit. etc. (Butzow, 1765, 4to). In 1779 he published a work to demonstrate the spurious character of allJewish coins bearing .Jewish or Samaritan charac- ters, including those of the Maccabsean period, which drew forth a reply from the Spanish Jesuit Bayer and occasioned a protracted dispute. In the study of Arabic coins Tychsen rendered real service, and began the sys- tematic stud}' of Oriental numismatics. He showed himself a master in the deciphering of inscriptions (see Erkldi~u.ny d. arab. Schrift auf d, rom.-kaiserl. Kro- nungsmantel, in the Mechl.-Schioerin. Gelehrten Beitrdge, 1780, Nos. 42, 45, and the Interpret. Jmcript. Ciific. in Marm. Tempi. Patriarch. S. Petri Cathedra [ Rost. 1787]). Tychsen also piVblished editions of Al-Makrizi : Al-Makrizi Bist. Monetce Arab, e Cod. Escurial. (ibid. 1797, 8vo) : — and Traclat. de Legalibus A rub. Punderibus et Mensuris (ibid. 1800, 8vo). His Eleinentale A7-abi-