RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bunkers Duns Scotus
ren Annual, 1882-date; Reports of the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting; Classified Minutes, 1888; and the Revised Minutes.
III. The Old Order Brethren: These are the ultraconservatives who oppose all change and refuse to accept new methods. In 1881 they organized a yearly conference meeting in a barn in Montgomery County, O., following old traditions and customs as far as possible, and have continued as a separate society with no affiliations with either of the other bodies. They publish a monthly, the Vindicator, at Brookville, O., but have no colleges, highschools, Sunday-schools, or missionary departments. They have no supported ministers. In dress and other ways they are extremely plain. In doctrine they do not differ materially from the mother Church. For alleged Scriptural reasons they object to being numbered, but are estimated to include about 4,000 members, chiefly in the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. J. H. Moore.
DUNN, RANSOM: Free-Will Baptist; b. at Bakersfield, Vt., July 7, 1818; d. at Scranton, Pa., Nov. 9, 1900. He was educated at New Hampton, N. H., and in the early part of his life was an Evangelist, chiefly in Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and Michigan. Later he held a number of pastoral charges, the most important being at Boston and Hillsdale, Mich. He taught at different times in Hillsdale College, where he was president 1885-86 and professor of homiletics and head of the theological department after 1888. He wrote Freedom of the Will (Dover, N. H, 1850) and Systematic Theology (in collaboration with J. J. Butler; Boston, 1892).
DUNNE, EDWARD JOSEPH: Roman Catholic bishop of Dallas, Tex.; b. at Tipperary, Ireland, Apr. 23, 1848. He was brought by his parents to Chicago in infancy, and studied at the College of St. Mary's of the Lake, Chicago, St. Francis' Seminary, Milwaukee, and St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. In 1871 he was ordained to the priesthood, and after being assistant at two Chicago churches was appointed rector of All Saints' in the same city in 1875. In 1893 he was consecrated second bishop of Dallas.
DUNNING, ALBERT ELIJAH: Congregationalist; b. at Brookfield, Conn., Jan. 5, 1844. He was graduated at Yale College in 1867, and Andover Theological Seminary in 1870. From 1870 until 1880 he was pastor of the Highland Congregational Church, Boston, and was then general secretary of the Congregational Sunday-school and Publishing Society until 1889, since which time he has been editor in chief of the Congregationalist. He was a member of the International Sunday-school Lesson Committee 1884-1902, and its secretary 1897-1902. In 1903 he was elected secretary of the department on Sunday-schools of the Religious Education Association, and was made chairman of the committee on polity for the union of the Congregational, United Brethren, and Methodist Protestant Churches in 1906. He has written The Sunday-school Library (Boston, 1883); Bible Studies (1888); and Congregationalists in America (1894).
DUNS SCOTUS.
His Life (§ 1). Conception of God (§ 6).
His Philosophy. The Rela- Doctrine of Sin (§ 7).
tion of XJniversals to Par- Redemption (§ 8).
ticulars (§ 2). The Sacraments (§ 9).
His Epistemology (§ 3). The Importance of Scotus
The Primacy of the Will (§ 4). (§ 10).
Revelation and the Church His Works (§ 11).
(§5).
Johannes Duns Scotus (known as Doctor subtilis) was one of the leading scholastic philosophers of the Middle Ages; d. at Cologne Nov. 8, 1308. The date of his birth is unknown; the more probable tradition would place it c. 1265, since the other, assigning him an age of only thirty-four years at death, hardly gives time for the production of such an amount of literary work as we have from him. His birthplace is a matter of controversy. The surname Scotus may indicate either Scotland or Ireland. Cavellus and Waddington assert that he was an Irishman. The best view, however, seems to be that which makes Duns an Englishman. At the end of the Oxford manuscript of his work on the " Sentences " of Peter Lombard there is a note asserting in the most positive and detailed way that he was born "in a certain village of Northumberland called Dunstane." He joined the Franciscan order at Newcastle, and became a i. His Life, member of Merton College, Oxford (whose statutes, moreover, allowed the admission of none but those of English birth). Under the direction of William of Ware (or Varron), he laid the foundation of his comprehensive learning. Outside of philosophy, his writings display a wide acquaintance with mathematics and astronomy, no doubt a result of his Oxford training. Here, too, originated his philosophical writings, and probably also the great commentary on the " Sentences," the so-called Opus Oxoniense. On Nov. 18, 1304, at the command of the general of his order, he presented himself in Paris for the degree of bachelor, and soon afterward proceeded to that of doctor. Here originated the Quodlibetica and the so-called Reportata Parisiensia, a smaller commentary on the " Sentences," representing the lectures in dogmatic theology which he delivered in Paris. In 1308 he was transferred to Cologne, where he was received with great honors, and lectured in the Franciscan house there for the few months of life that remained to him. The cause of his death is not known. Some later writers speak of apoplexy; others assert that he was buried alive while unconscious, and give harrowing details which are obviously untrustworthy, as they appeared for the first time two centuries after his death.
The philosophy of Scotus was concerned especially with two problems — the relation of universals to particulars, and the theory of knowledge. The position of Scotus is for the most part that of a moderate realism as it was maintained by the Arabs and by Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. To him universals are by no means " fictions of the intellect"; otherwise there would be no objective essential unities in the world, but only numerical differences between individuals. There must be something real outside ourselves corresponding to the terms; the universal exists both in intellectu
Duns Scotus