K. M. COYD.
BUKKIAH (i.T|?2, full form of Bukki).— A Levite of the sons of Heraan, and leader of the sixth band or course in the temple service (1 Ch 2d*- ^}.
BUL (""s, Bou\ A, Bui, 1 K es*).— See Time. BULL, BULLOCK, WILD BULL.— See Calf and Ox. B U L R U SH.— See Keed.
BULWARK.— 1. ( = bole-work, i.e. a defence
made of the trunks of trees or of logs of wood) is the tr. of Heb. Sn hel, 'rampart' (Is 26', h-) noin homuth w6-hi, 'walls and rampart'; xfixos /tai irepiTuxo!, LXX ; mums et antemurale, Vulg.). Isaiali {I.e.) gives the paradoxical promise that God will aiipoint salvation, i.e. free space uncon- hned by walls (cf. for this meaning of 'salvation,' Ges. T/ies. s.v. !;ir'=Arab. wasi'a) to be Zion's walls and bulwarks (cf. w.""*, open gates and trust in God commended).
The heUl K 21^ 'rampart,' RV) with its ditch (T3 b6r, Jer 41') was, as the VSS show, an outer defence for the wall. Jerusjilem had such a hiH ( I's 48"), but only, no doubt, on the side on which the walls, not being on the edge of a precipice, needed extra defence. At the present day there would be room forsucli a work only on the N. and W. The Psalmist (I.e.), calls on the spectators to observe that not even the outer defences of Zion had been touched during the invasion of which he speaks.
2. Bulwarks (Dt 20™ nis? mAzOr, and Ec 9" cito mifi'idkim) are also the hasty defences raised by besiegers to protect themselves while attacking fortified places. Such defences were largely made of wood (Ut I.e.), and so were rightly called bul- warks. The 'bank' (Lk 19" x^P°-h 'palisade' RVm).ierved the double purjiose of shutting in the besieged and of defending the besiegers.
AV. E. BARNE.S.
BUNAH (va ' intelligence '). — A man of Judah, a son of Jerahmeel (1 Ch 2").
BUNCH is nsed of (1) a bundle of hyssop. Ex 12" (.T];t( = 8omething tv-d ttigether) ; (2) a cluster of raisins 2 S llj', 1 Ch 12" (pi':»=8omething dried) ; and (3) a camel's hump Is 30* (ny^i, of un- certain origin). The last is the most original meaning of the Eng. word (which is also of uncer- tain ongin): cf. Trevisa (1.398), 'A camell of Arabia hath two bonches in the backe ' ; and — 'Thifl pola'nouA hucch-hack'd U)ad.'
Slukl. Rich. III. I. 111. tit.
J. Hastings.
BHNNI (•;;, 'ji2), Neh 9* lO" 11", but in each case perhaps the text is corrupt ; cf. Bertheau- Ryssel. See Genealogy. H. A. White.
BURDEN 1. In OT 'burden' is the term used
(in AV and RV) to represent the Heb. n^? massd' (fr. k;'j), both in the sense of a load, and in that of an utterance or oracle. In the latter case the renderin-; is supported by the ancient VSS (except the LXX, whicli has XrmiM, Spafw., Spaats, etc.). It was partly determined by the fact that the pro- phecies of which it formed the title were mainlj" of a threatening character, the burden thus being the threats of punishment imposed upon the place or people concerned. But this translation is now generally abandoned. Some of the prophecies to which the word is applied are not comminatory. Thus, Zee 12 contains a promise of victory to Jerus. through the direct intervention of J" on behalf of His people. See also Zee 9', Pr 30' 31', the Eng. tr. in the two latter instances reversing tlieir usual procedure, and rendering by prophc'i/ (AV), oracle (RV, in text, and burden in m.). It is not surprising that the massd' should so seldom have been other than denunciatory, when we remember the chief occasions and objects of Heb. prophecy. Jer 23'"'- is intelligible only if we suppose that the prophets were accustomed to apply the word massd' to tlieir jirophecies in the sense of oracle or utterance. There the scofl'ers are reproved, simply because they pervert the word and give it the meaning of burden. Massd', there- fore, simply means something taken up solemnly upon the lips (cf. Ex 23', Ps 15' 16^ Ezk 36^ and the repeated ' took up his parable ' used of Balaam in Nu23), in particular, a divine utterance or oracle. Although used of false oracles (La 2'*), it is not used of a merely human utterance except in Pr 30' 31' (both doulitful) ; and even here, if the text is correct, a semi-rfiyine procept is referred to.
2. In NT ' burden ' denotes the woes and troubles of this earthly life {(poprlof, Mt 1P°), the legal ordi- nances of the Pharisees [cfiopTla papia, Mt 23'), the dithculties in which the Christian may be involved in consequence of his having yielded to temptation (/3a'pi), Gal 6^), and the load of personal responsi- bility, or, at all events, the difhculties and trials that are inseparable from the Christian life ((fyoprlov. Gal G°). The only other passage we need compare with these is He 12', where, instead of burden, we have in AV and RV weight (ftyicos) ; the lit. mean- ing of the word is encumbrance, and connotes whatever prevents men from fully developing their spiritual nature. Various distinctions may be drawn between these words. Thus, /3a/)os and (pop^iof in Gal 6^- ' mean respectively a burden that may and ought to be got rid of, and one that must be borne (see Lightfoot). Again, iysos suggests not so much weight as cumbrousiiess. But these dis- tinctions are of no great importance.