BULL UNIGENITUS. See Unigenitus.
Bull, "William, an English Independent minis. ter, was horn Dee. 22, 1738, in Irthlingborough, North- amptonshire, and was educated at the Dissenting acad- emy at Daventry. In 1704 he became pastor of the Independent church at Newporfr-Pagnel, where he was the intimate of Cowper and of John Newton. A train- ing academy for ministers was founded at Newport through Mr. Bull's activity, and he superintended it for years. He died in 1814. "lie was an excellent preacher, his sermons being at once original, fervid, and impressive." — Memorials of the Rev. W. Bull(LonA. 1804).
Billiard, AkTEMAS, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born at Northbridge, Mass., June :(, 1802, studied at Amherst College, where he graduated in 1826, ami thence went to the Theological Seminary at Andover. He was licensed in May, 1828, ami ordained April 20, 1831. In 1830 he visited the West in the employ of the Massachusetts Sabbath School Union, going as far as Illinois, and while there was appointed secretary of the "American Hoard" for the Valley of the Mis- sissippi. He removed to Cincinnati in October, 1832. In 1838 he became pastor of the Presbyterian church at St. Louis. He was made D.D. in 1841 by Marion College. He attempted in 1845, with the concurrence of the Synod, to raise a fund of $10,000 for the erec- tion of churches in Missouri. His health having be- come enfeebled, he was chosen by his fellow-citizens as their representative at the World's Peace Conven- tion, and spent six months travelling in Europe in 1850. After his return he was the chief promoter of the institution of Webster College at St. Louis. Dr. Bullard was killed in the. accident which occurred at the inauguration of the Pacific Railroad, Nov. 1, 1855. He published three or four occasional sermons. He was a preacher of great power, and was very useful and influential in St. Louis. — Sprague, Annals, iv, 748.
Bullarium Romanum Magrtvim, a collection of papal bulls from the time of Leo the Great, be- gun (1580) by Cherubini, and continued by various editors. The Bullarium Magnum of Maynardus (Lux- emb. 1739 to 1768, 19 vols, fol.) contains the bulls from Leo the Great to Benedict XIV. Simultaneously with it appeared the collection of Cocquclines (Horn. 1737 sq., 14 vols. fob). A continuation of these collections is Benedicts XIV Bullarium t Rom. 1751 sq., 4 torn. fol. ; new ed. Mechlin, 1826, 13 vols.). The most recent continuation, which is to comprise the bulls of Clem- ent XIII and tin; following popes, was commenced by Barberi (Home, 1835); of it 15 vols. fol. have ap- peared, bringing the work down to the year 1821. A new complete collection of all the bulls from Leo the Great to the present time has been commenced by To- massetti (Turin, vol. i, 1857).-Landon, Ecclesiastical Died, mini, s. v.
Bullinger, Hkinuich, one of the most important of the Swiss reformers, was born at Bremgarten, near Zurich, where his father was parish priest, .Inly 18, 1504. In 1516 he was sent to seliool at Emmerich, ill
Cleves, where Mosellanus was one of the masters. In order to train the boy to careful habits, Ids father gave him no money, and' he was compelled to sing in the streets for bread like Luther. lie was inclined, while at Emmerich, to enter the order of Carthusians ; but his brother kept him from doing SO, anil in 151'.) he went to Cologne, where he became bachelor (.farts in 1620. lie began to study the scholastic theology, but was
soon disgU8ted, and even wrote against the BCholasticS.
He then took up the fathers, especially Chrysostom
and St. Augustine, and finding that they drew their premises from Scripture, lie set himself earnestly to
study the N.T. The writings of Erasmus led him to the study of the classics. He was thus quite ready to be impressed by Luther's writings when they fell in his way; and the 0« Captivitate Babybmea and /' Boms
Operi'jus of Luther, with the Loci Communes of Mclanc-
BULLIXGER
01
thon, satisfied him that the Roman Church needed reformation. In 1522, after taking his master's de- gree, he returned to Switzerland, and was called by Wolfgang Rupli, abbot of Cappel, to teach in the clois- ter school of his abbey. Here he lectured on the N. T. and on the Loci Communes of Melancthon. In 1527 he was Bent by his abbot to Zurich, and there he at- tended for live months the preaching and lectures of the celebrated Zuinglius, while he perfected his knowl- edge of (ireek, and commenced the study of Hebrew under IVllicanus. On his return to Cappel, the abbot and his monks adopted fully the reformation, to which they had been before inclined. In 1528 he went with Zuinglius to the disputation at Berne. In 1529 he was made pastor at Bremgarten, his native place, and mar- ried Ann Adlischweiter, a nun retired from the con- vent at Zurich. At Bremgarten he engaged in con- troversy with the Anabaptists, against whom he wrote six books. In 1531, after the battle of Cappel, where Zuinglius fell, and with him, for a time, the cause of reform, Bullinger was compelled to leave Bremgarten, and was elected successor to Zuinglius at Zurich as antistes, or chief pastor. He began his work with a conflict. The Council of Berne, on the very day of his election, demanded a pledge that the clergy of Berne should refrain from all political discussions. Bullinger defended the freedom of the pulpit with so much energy that the council yielded. His suprem- acy as a leader of the reform was soon acknowledged. Luther attacked Zuinglius and his doctrine of the sacraments with great bitterness ; Bullinger defended both with calm but earnest arguments, in a series of writings on the sacraments extending over many years. Bucer's (q. v.) attempts to reconcile Luther's views with those of the reformed at first met with Bul- linger's sympathy and approval; but he. came at last to doubt Bucer's sincerity, or, at least, his thorough- ness of conviction. In the midst of all his controver- sies he continued his faithful pastoral labors, and by these, with his powerful and popular preaching, he es- tablished the Reformation firmly in Zurich. His the- ology was Augustinian, but of a milder type than Cal- vin's. When division was threatened (1547) between the Reformed churches of Zurich and Geneva on the sacramental question, Bullinger and Calvin, by corre- spondence and personal conference, came to an agree- ment of views, which was expressed in the Consensus Tigurinus (1549), in which the corporal presence is de- nied, but a real and spiritual communication in the Supper of Christ to the believer is admitted. Bullin- ger was long in close correspondence with many men of note in the English Church, with whom he became acquainted during their sojourn abroad while the Ma- rian persecution lasted, and his influence contributed greatly toward settling the doctrines of the English reformers. Many of their letters and of his own arc preserved in the library of the city of Zurich. One of the most important labors of his later life was the preparation of the Confessio < t Expositio 6n vis, etc. (the Seco ud Helvetic Confession), adopted as authoritative in 156G. (See Confessions.) After severe Buffering from calculus, he died Sept. 17, 1575, repeating the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and several of the Psalms just before his departure. Ilis son-in-law, Simlex, preached his funeral sermon, afterward printed {Be I "il.i , I Obi/, i liiiHiiii/i ;/'). Many of his works have been translated into English, viz.. One hundred Sermons on ihr Apocalypsi 1 1 561 . 4to):- - Tm nty-six s, rmons on Jere- miah (1588, Ito) :- /■'.<//• rtation to Ministers (1575, 4to) : \onplaa j of Christian Religion (.1572, ito):— The Sum of the Four Evangelists; Fifty godly and learned 1 1577, Itni. Hia works as collected and pub- lished amount to ten folio vols. < Zurich). Such was the reputation of bis writings In England that Archbishop Whitgift obtained an order in convocation that every clergyman should procure a copy of his sermons and read one of them once a week. A new edition of his