Bull, George, D.D., bishop of St. David's, was born in Wells, Somersetshire, March 25, 1C.34, and en- tered at Exeter College, Oxford, 1G48. His first liv- ing was that of St. George's, near Bristol, and in 1G58 he was presented to Suddington. In 16G9 he publish ed his Harmonia Apostolica. The object of this book was to explain and defend, in Part I, the doctrine of St. James, and in Part II, to demonstrate the agree- ment with him of St. Paul, it being more particularly the aim of the first dissertation to show "that good works, which proceed from faith, and are conjoined with faith, are a necessary condition required from us by God. to the end that by the New Evangelical Cov- enant, obtained by and sealed in the blood of Christ, the mediator of it, we may be justified according to his free and unmerited grace." In the second, "having, in the first place, established this one point for his foundation, ' That St. Paul is to be interpreted by St. James, and not St. James by St. Paul,' in consent with many of the ancients (and particularly of St. Augustine himself), who are of the opinion that the General Epis- tle of St. James, the first of St. John, and the second of St. Peter, with that of St. Jude, were written against those who, by misinterpreting St. Paul's epistles, had imbibed a fond notion, as if faith 'without works' were sufficient to save them, he showeth whence this ob- See Unicokn. The Asiatic scurity and ambiguity in the terms of St. Paul might Greece till the time of Aris- probably arise, which was the occasion that persons totle, who first speaks of it by the name of the Aracho- not well-grounded came to mistake or pervert the sian ox. No species of Bos Bubalus is known even at game." Bull attempts to prove that where St. Paul this day in Arabia, although travellers speak of meet- speaks of justification by faith, he intends the whole ing them in Palestine in a domesticated state [see Buf- condition of the Gospel covenant ; that the faith re- falo] ; but in Egypt the Asiatic species has been in- quired implies obedience ; that it cannot be separated troduced in consequence of the Mohammedan conquests from obedience ; and that obedience is made necessary in the East. The indigenous buffaloes of Africa, : to justification. The publication raised much dispute amounting, at least, to two very distinct species, ap- among divines. The first open antagonist was IMr. pear to have belonged to the south and west of that John Truman, a Non-conformist minister. Dr. Mor- continent, and only at a later period to have approach- I ley, bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Barker, the one ed Egypt as far as the present Bornou ; for none are .from the divinity chair at Oxford, and the other in a figured on any known monument in either Upper or charge to his clergy, forbade the reading of the book Lower Egypt. With regard, however, to wild oxen as a rash intrusion into things too high for such dis-
people whose chief dependence for food was in the produce of the plough. See Ox.
Judging from Egyptian remains, there were two great breeds of straight-backed cattle, the long-horned and the short-horned; and in Upper Egypt at least, there was ..ne without horns. Another hunched spe- cies existed, which served to draw chariots, yoked in the same manner as the Brahminee bulls of India are at present. It is still abundant in Nubia, and, under the name of Bos sacer, or Indicus, notwithstanding it lire ils with the common species, is yet considered dis- tinct. Its calf is born with teeth ; and, although in Central Africa, India, and China it is mixed with the other species, and when low in flesh is almost deprived of its hunch, the natural characteristics nevertheless continue ; and from the evidence of ancient Egyptian pictures and written documents it must have been prop- agated for above 3000 years. In Egypt the straight- backed or common cattle appear, from the same evi- dence, to have formed a very handsome breed with lu- nate horns. They were generally spotted black or red upon a white ground, and there were, besides, others white, red, or black. They all served for common use, but those without red "were selected when new sacred bulls, Apis or Mnevis, were to be supplied; for they alone had the colors which could show the marks made by chance or by art, and required to fit the ani- mal for the purpose intended. See Aris. In Pales- tine the breed of cattle was most likely in ancient times, as it still is, inferior in size to the Egyptian ; and provender must have been abundant indeed if the number of beasts sacrificed at the great Jewish festi- vals, mentioned in Josephus, be correct, and could be sustained for a succession of years. See Sacrifice.
Unless the name be taken synonymously with that of other species, there is not in the Bible any clear in. dication of the buffalo, species was not known
of the true Taurine genus, some ma}', at a very remote period, have been found in Bashan, evidently the ori- gin of the name, a region where mountain, wood, and water, all connecting the Syrian Libanus with Tau- rus, were favorable to their existence; but the wild bulls of the district, mentioned in Psa. xxii, 12, and in various other passages, appear, nevertheless, to re- fer to domestic species, probably left to propagate with- out much human superintendence, except annually marking the increase and selecting a portion for con- sumption, in the same manner as is still practised in some parts of Europe. For although the words "fat bulls of Bashan close me in on every side" are an in- dication of wild manners, the word "fat" somewhat weakens the impression; and we know that the half- wild white breed of Scotland likewise retains the char- acter of encompassing objects that excite their distrust. It was therefore natural that in Palestine wild grega- rious instincts should have still remained in operation, where real dangers beset herds, which in the time of David «ere still exposed to lions in the hills around them. See C.\i. i'. Baal (q. v.) is said to have been worshipped in the form of a beeve, and Moloch to have had a calf's or steer's head.- Kit to, s. v.