Bull, in a figurative sense, is taken for powerful, fierce, insolent enemies. " Fat bulls (bulls of Bashan )
cussion. In 1675 Bull issued his Examen einsurn> and Apologia pro Harmonia ,- and in 1680, at Oxford, his Dcfensio jid< i Nica nee (also at Pavia, 1784, with notes by Zola). Preferment flowed in upon Bull after 1G84 ; and the University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.D., although he had never taken any oth- er academical degree. In 1G94 appeared his Judicium Erclcsiw Cafkolicw, in defence of the anathema decreed by the Council of Nicsea, for which he received the thanks of the assembly of the Gallican clergy at St. Germain's. His last treatise was his Pi imifiva it Apos- tolica Tradiiio, against David Zuicker, Leclerc, and others, who held that the apostles and their immediate successors taught that our blessed Lord was merely a man. In theology he was an Arminian. His defence of the Trinity is one of the great works of theology not likely to lie superseded. Grabe collected all his Latin works (Loud. 1703, fol.). His Sermons were edited, with a Life, by Nelson (Lond. 1703, 3 vols. 8vo). He was seventy-one years of age when the see of St. Da- vid's was offered to him. He at first refused it. but was at length persuaded to consent, and was consecrated at Lambeth April 29, 1705. He died Feb. 17, 1710. A new translation of the Dejensio appeared in the " Li- 1 rary of Anglo-Catholic theology" (Oxford, 1851, 2 vols. 8vo). Bull's Works have been collected anew
BULL
915
BULLINGER
by Burton (Oxford, 1827, 8 vols. 8vo, and again in 1846). — Hook, Ecclesiastical Biography, iii, 229-258; Bibliotheca Sacra, vi, 102 ; Dorner, Person of ( 'hzist, v, 042 sq.
Bull (Papal). Bulls are pontifical letters from the Pope of Home, written in old Gothic characters upon stout and coarse skins, and issued from the apos- tolic chancery, under a seal (India) of lead, which seal gives validity to the document, and is attached, if it be a " Bull of Grace," by a cord of silk, and if it be a "Bull of Justice," by a cord of hemp. The word is from Lat. bulla, a drop or bubble, used in later Latin to signify a pendent metallic seal. It is properly the pendent seal which is the bull : it is impressed on one side with the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other with the name of the pope and the year of j his pontificate. The bull is divided into live parts : the narrative of the fact, the conception, the clause, the date, and the salutation, in which the pope styles \ himself servus servorum, servant of servants. All bulls bear the name and title of the pope — for example : Gre- gorius Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei, etc., is prefixed ; then follows a genei-al introduction, of which the ini- tial words are used to give a distinct name to the bull, as in the examples : the bull Exsurge Dominc, issued by Pope Leo X against Luther in 1520; the bull In Ccena Djmini, the celebrated bull against heretics, often re- issued since 1536; the famous Uuigenitus, or bull against Quesnel's writings, 1713 ; the Dominus ac Re- dsmptor Nbster, or bull for the abolition of the order of Jesuits; the Ecclesia Chrisli, or the bull which com- pleted the Concordat with France in 1801; the />< Sa- lute Animarum, or the bull for the regulation of the Catholic Church in Prussia." The instruments, be- sides the lead hanging to them, have a cross with some text of Scripture or religious motto around them. Those issued by Lucius III have this device, Adjuva nos, Deus salutaris nosier; the device of Urban III was, Ad te, D 'amine, levari animam meam; and that of Alexander III, Vias tuas, Pontine, demonstra mild. Bulls are granted for the consecration of bishops, the promotion to benefices, the celebration of jubilees, etc. Bullarium is a collection of papal bulls. The bull is dated from "the day of incarnation," but briefs are dated from " the nativity." — Farrar, Ecclcs. Diet. s. v. ; Chambers, Encyclopaedia, s. v. SccBiuek; BULLA- RIUM.
BULL IN CCENA DOMINI, the name given to a bull in the Church of Rome which is publicly read on
the day of the Lord's Supper, viz., Thursday, by a cardinal deacon in the pope's presence, accompanied with the other cardinals and the bishops. It excom- municates all that are called, by that apostate Church, heretics, stubborn and disobedient to the holy see. After the reading of this bull the pope throws a burn- ing torch into the public place, to denote the thunder of this anathema. It is declared expressly, in the be- ginning of the bull of Pope Paul III of the year 1536, that it is the ancient custom of the sovereign pontiffs to publish this excommunication on Holy Thursday, to preserve the purity of the Christian religion, and to keep the union of the faithful; but the origin of this ceremony is not stated in it. The principal heads of this bull concern heretics and their upholders; pi- rates, imposers of new customs; those who falsify the bulls and other apostolic letters ; those who abuse the prelates of the Church; those that trouble or would restrain ecclesiastical jurisdiction, even under pretence of preventing some violence, though they might lie counsellors or advocates, generals to secular princes, whether emperors, kings, or dukes; those who usurp the goods of the Church, etc. The content-; of the bull have been inserted by degrees. Luther's name was inserted 1521. For a fuller statement, sec In CtENA Domini.