CAMPANARIUM
66
CAMPANUS
Ea8I.~Fib0i Division— Camp or Jitdah: 186,400.
JUDAH, 74,600.
I88A0HAX AKD ZKOULUV,
54,400. 57,400.
Moen,
AADOM,
J83
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Diagram of the Gamp of the Israelitea during the Ezode.
Levi and the bodies of carriers, etc., by the stalls of the cattle and the baggage : the four fironts &ced the cardinal points while the march was eastward, but, as Jadah continued to lead the van, it follows that, when the Jordan was to be crossed, the direction became westward, and therefore the general arrangement, so hi as the cardinal points were concerned, was re- yersed. It does not appear that, during this time, Israel ever had lines of defence thrown up ; but in after ages, when only single armies came into the field, it is probable that the castral disposition was not invariably quadrangolar ; and, fh)m the many posi- tions indicated on the crests of steep mountains, the fronts were clearly adapted to the ground and to the space which it was necessary to occupy. The rear of such positions, or the square camps in the plain, ap- pear firom the margmal reading of 1 Sam. xvii, 20, and xxvi, 5, to have been enclosed with a line of carts or chariots, which, from the remotest period, was a practice among all the nomade nations of the north. (D'Aquine, Le Camp des IsraeliteSy Par. 1623, 1624.) — Kitto, Cydop. s. v. Encampments. For a more gen- eral treatment of the subject, f^m a military point of Tiew, see Encamp.
Campanarium or Campanile (Lat campana^ bell), a bell-tower. The most striking campaniles are found in Italy, and they are those generally detached firom the church, e. g. those of Florence, Cremona, Bo- logna, and Pisa. That of Florence, built by Giotto (1834), is a square 45 feet on each side and 267 feet high, in Italian Gothic, simple in design, but richly ornamented. In some instances these towers, on ac- count of their great elevation and the narrowness of their base, have considerably deviated horn the orig- inal perpendicular. The Campanile of Pisa, called Torre Pendente ("the leaning tower"), is the most remarkable of these, having a deviation of nearly 18 feet in a height of 150 feet. See Bell.
Campanella, Thomas, was bom in Calabria 1568, and entered the Dominican order 1594.. He applied himself chiefly to metaphysics, and followed his coun- tryman Telesio, who died in 1588 at Coeenza, in his opposition to what was then taught in the schools un- der the name of Aristotelian philosophy. Campanel- la published his first work at Naples in 1691, entitled Philotophia Sefuibut demofutrcUcL The schoolmen, and the monks especially, raised such a storm against Campanella that he left his native country. He was j accused of sorcery, of being an adept of Raymond LuUus and of some cabalistic rabbins. His works
were seized and submitted to the Inquiaition at Borne, which, however, gave him little trouble ; but some time afterward (in 1598), being at Naples, he incaa- tiously spoke against the government of the Span- iards, and, being thrown into prison, was put to the rack, and condemned to perpetual confinonent. In 1626 Pope Urban VIII obtained fbr him his liberty, whereupon he repaired to Rome, and oontinaed there jBome years ; but finding that, the Spaniards wer« pre- paring f^h troubles for him, he fled into Fhmce, and landed at Marseilles in 1684. He passed the latter ' part of his life in the Dominican monastery at Paris, and died March 21, 1639. The number of his works is immense. Echard has given several catalogues, one of which contains eighty-two distinct w^ks. Campanella was a man in whom every thing seems to have been extraordinary : his conduct, adventures, genius, habits of thought, style of writing, every thing was out of the usual tnck ; hence he has been extrav- agantly praised, and as extravagantly abased and found fault with. In his moral character he was al- together beyond reproach ; in his literary pursuits he was unwearied, excessively curious, and greedy of knowledge. He left many MSS. Among those that have been published, the following are deserving of notice: Prodromu* PhUotoplwB IfuUmrandcBy teu de Naiwra Renm (Frankf. 1617):— i>e 8etuu Herum et Magia Libri IV (Frankf. 1620.) This work was com- posed, as well as several others, by Campanella dar- ing his Neapolitan captivity, and was pnblished in Germany by Adami, but the aathor published a second edition of it at Paris in 1686, which he dedicated to Richelieu. Father Mersenne wrote to refute the book as heretical, and Athanasius of Constantinople wrote against it in his AnU-Campondia (Paris, 1655) : — BeaiU it Philotophia EpHogitUoa Partet IV (Frankf. 1620) : — ^The CwUat Solit, often reprinted separately, and translated into various languages : — Apologia pro Go' lileo (Frankf. 1662):— i>e PrcedeaUnatiomey Electwne, Beprobationey et atixUHi Divina Gratia^ Cento ThomiUi' cut (Paris, 1636). The author discusses some of the opinions of Thomas Aquinas, and supports those of Origen :—Unwertalit Philotophia, Libri XVIII (Paris, 1688). The following works of Campanella were pub- lished after his death, namely : De Librit proprOt et recta Hatione Studendi (Paris, 1642, in which the aa- thor speaks of himself; his studies, and his works. It was edited by Naud6, who knew Campanella, and who speaks of him and his imprisonment in his Contidhrt-' Hont PoUUquet tur let Coupt d'Etatt) \—De Monardkia Hitpamca Ditewttu (Amsterd. 1640). This, perhaps the most remarkable work of Campanella, was writ- ten by him daring his confinement at Naples. It Is an able sketch of the political world of that time (trans- lated, A Diteowrte Umshing Ike Spanith Monarchy, Lond. 1654).— Tennemann, Man. Hitl, PhU. § 317-819 ; Eng- Hth Cyclopadkk,