Campanile, a name adopted fhnn the Italian for a bell-tower. See Campanarium.
Campanites, a Socinian sect in Hung^aiy, jm> named fh>m Johannes Campanus (q. v.).
CampanuB, Johannes, an anti-Trinitarian theolo- gian of the 16th century. He was a native of the duchy of Julich, and in 1528 was appointed lecturer on theolo- gy at the University of 'Wittenberg.. Here he seems to have imbibed Arian opinions, which he afterward de- veloped openly. He avowed his opposition to Luther, and left Saxony for Julich. The Roman Catholic au- thorities imprisoned him at Cleves on a charge of having excited the peasantry by his preaching that the world was soon coming to an end, about 1535, and he is said to have remained in prison 25 years, and to have died between 1575 and 1580, out of his mind. He wrote a number of books, among which are Wider aHe Welt nach den Apotteln, in which his peculiar views are set forth; Teproduced in Ids GdttHehe und Heil,Schrifl,
CAMPBELL
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CAMPBELL
He i^J«!ted the dhrinity of the Holy Si^t, and Unght that the Son of God is of the same sobstance with the Fither, bat not coeternal. See Schelhorn, Ditg. de J, Cimpamo, in his AmanU, LUttranan^ t. xi, 1 ; Mosheim, CSliKitory,<*nt.xvi,§iii,pt.U,ch.iv; Heraog, iZeoi. Eaegklopddie, i, 192; Dorner, Permm ofCkritt, div. ii, wL ii, p. 160.
Campbell, Alexander, founder of the Camp- bellites, or Disciples of Christ (q. ▼.)> ^^s bom in the county of Antrim, Ireland, in the year 1789, and was educated, as was his father before him, at the Uni- venity of Glasgow, Scotland— both of them as Pres- byterian clergymen. Thomas Campbell, the poet, was a lektive and classmate of his father. On the one side his ancestry was of Scotch origin, and on the other Hngoenot French. He emigrated to America in 1809, two years after his fisither, and settled at first in Wash- ington county, Penn., near the spot in West Vbrginia to which he soon aftc^rward removed, and on which he lired during the remainder of h'ls life. That spot, now the village of Bethany, was then a wild and secluded locality amid the hills. He was at first a minister of the "Secession" branch of Presbyterians, but was eaily led to the belief that " Christian union can result from nothing short of Ahe destruction of creeds and oonlesnons of fSuth, inasmuch as human creeds and eonfeesions have destroyed Christian union;'* and " that nothing ought to be received into the faith or worship of the Church, or be made a term of commu- nion among Christians, that is not as old as the New Testament. Kor ought anything to be admitted as of divine obligation in the Church constitution or man- agement save what is eii^oined by the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ and his apostles upon the New Tes- tament Church, either in express terms or by approved precedent" TTie promulgation of these opinions caus- ing disturbance in the Presbyterian Church, he and htt ikther abandoned it in 1810, and formed a new so- ciety at Brush Run, Penn. In 1812 he became con- vmced that immersion is the proper form of baptism, and he and his congregation were immersed. In con- nection with his father, the Bev. Thomas Campbell, he formed several congregations, which united with the Bedstone Baptist Association, but protested agamst all human creeds as a bond ot union, accepting the Bible abne as the rale of &ith and practice. Being ex- cluded from the fellowship of the Baptist churches in 1827, his followers began to organize into a separate body, whidi has since spread in all parts of the United States, especially in Virginia, Tennessee, and Ken- tacky. The number of disciples was estimated in 1864, altogether, at about 860,000 members, of whom only a small number belonged to Great Britain. See Disciples of Christ. In 1828 Mr. Campbell began the publication of The ChruHcn Bcgptigt, afterward merged in the MUlenmal Harhmger, of which he re- mamed editor during his life. In 1840 he founded Bethsny College, and he was its president to the day of his death. He was a member of the Virginia Con- stitutional Convention of 1829-80. It was in that body that he gave prophetic notice of what would ultimately he the course of Western Virginia, and of what he fived to see accomplished. In 1847 he visited Europe, receiving marked attentions ft-om many of the political iod religious leaders. On the slavery conflict he was " conservative." " Mr. Campbell never was the cham- pion of American slavery. He beUeved, however, that the relation of master and slave had existed in Biblical times under the divine sanction, or, at all events, tol- snnoe; and while he did not desire to be regarded as the apologist of American slavery, he contended that it should not be a test question of communion in the diuicfaes. His own slaves he had emancipated many j'ears before." His life was fiiU of labors, well supported by a phys-
many of the great qualities of a reformer, and among them were personal energy and pugnacity. His ca^ reer led him frequently into public *' debates," the most important of which were as follows : ** With the Rev. John Walker, a minister of the Secession-Presby- terian church in the State of Ohio, held at Mt. Pleas- ant in the year 1820. This debate created a great local interest throughout all -that section of country, and was attended by a vast concourse of people. Next followed his debate with the Rev. William McCalla, on * Christian Baptism,' held in Washington, Ky., in the year 1823 ; next his debate with Robert Owen, at Cin- cinnati, in the year 1828, on the Truth ot Christianity ; next ills debate, in the same city, in the year 1836, with Archbishop Purcell, on the infallibility of the Church of Rome ; and finally, in the year 1848, his de- bate with the Rev. Dr. N. L. Rice, held in the city of Lexington, Ky., the specific points of which were *■ the action, subject, design, and administration of Chris- tian baptism ;* also, the *■ character of spfaritual influ- ence in conversion and sanctification,* and the * expe- diency and tendency of ecdesiastica] creeds as terms of union and communion.* " Dr. Campbell was high- ly endowed as an orator ; a noble presence, and a so- norous and powerful voice, gave effect to his vigorous thought, and fluent, energetic speech. Vast audiences gathered to hear him in his journeys through the West He wrote largely, chiefly in his Harbinger g but he published also a summary of theology called the Christian System (often reprinted) ; a treatise on Remis- tion of Sin (8d ed. 1846) ; Memoirs of Thomas Camp^ beU (Cincinnati, 1861, 8vo). See also the article Dis- ciples OF Christ.— Methodist (N. Y.), No. 828 ; Amer^ icon Chrigtian Record^ 42 sq. ; CindnnaH Gazette, March, 1866 ; Landis, Rahbah Taken (N. T. 1844, 8vo). See Campbell, Thomas.