Cantaxefl, William, a Scotch divine and politi- cian, was bom in ,1649, at Cathcart, near Glasgow, and completed his studies at the Universities of Lon- ^n and Utrecht. While in Holland he was intro- dnced to the prince of Orange, who honored him with lui confidence. After his return to England he be- rime connected with the party which strove to ex- dode James from the throne, and, on suspicion of being one of the Rye-house conspirators, he was sent to Scotland, and put to the torture of the thumbscraw, ^oh he bore with unshrinking firmness. On his lib- ation be went back to UolUmd, and became one of
the prince of Orange's chaplains. He accompanied William to England in 1688, and was appointed king's chaplain for Scotland. He was subsequently of great service in producing a reconciliation between the Scot- tish Presbyterians and William III. A General As- sembly being about to convene, at which it was under- stood that there would Im opposition to the oath of allegiance, the king had delivered to a messenger dis- patches dhrecting die peremptory enforcement of the act. It is said that Carstares assumed authority to stop the messenger; and, presenting himself to the king (who had gone to bed) in the middle of the night, in the guise of a petitioner for his life, forfeited by his having thus committed high treason, to have prevailed on him to dispense with the oath. Whether the anec- dote be true or not, there is little doubt that his influ- ence obtained the dispensation. He became now vir- tually prime minister for Scotland, and received the popular designation of ** Cardinal Carstares.'* Even after the death of William, his knowledge of Scottish affidrs, and the respect paid to his talents, left him with considerable influence. In 1704 he was chosen principal of the University of Edinburgh. He died Dec. 28, 1716. See State Papers and Letters, to which is prefixed the Life of Mr. Carstares (4to, 1714) ; Engl. Ofdopcedia; Hetherington, Churdk of Scotland, ii, 216.
Cart (T^y^ agaJah', from b^9, to roU; Sept &na^a [so in Judith xv, 11], Yulg. piUmstrumf also rendered ** wagon,*' Gen. xlv, 19, 21, 27 ; zlvi, 5 ; Num. vU, 8, 6, 7, 8; and "chariot" in Psa. xlvi, 9 [comp. Cabt-whebl]), a vehicle moving on wheels, and usu- ally drawn by cattle (2 Sam. vi, 6), to be distinguished from the chariot dravm by horses. See Chariot.
L The carts which the king of Egypt sent to assist in transporting Jacob's family from Canaan (Gen. xlv, 19, 27) were manifestly not uised in the latter country, but were peculiar to Egypt. These carts or wagons were, of course, not war-chariots, nor such curricles as were in use among the Egyptian nobility. The ready
An aQdenl Ethiopian Princess travelling in a Car drawn hj Oxen, with a sort of Umbrella, a Driver, and a Footman.
means of transport and travel by the Nile seems to have rendered in a great measure unnecessary any other wheel-carriages than those for war or pleasure. The sculptures, however, exhibit some carts as used by a nomade people (enemies of the Egyptians) in their migrations (comp. Figs. 1 and 2, below).
Carts of Uie ^^Tokkari,** some foreign nation defioated by the ancient EgTptianSk
2. Elsewhere (Num. vii, 8, 6; 1 Sam. vi, 7) we read of carts used for the removal of the sacred arks and utensils. These also were drawn by two oxen. In RosseUini we have found a very curious representa- tion of the vehicle used for such purposes by the Egyptians (Fig. 8). It is little more than a platform
CART
132
CARTHAGE
on wheels ; and the apprehension which indnced Uc- sah to put forth his huid to stay the ark when shaken by the oxen (2 Sam. vi, 6) maj suggest that the cart employed on that occasion was not unlike this, as it would be easy for a Jerk to displace whatever might
be upon it. See Abk.
An«Unt t^gyptUn C«rU : 1, 9, for ordinary porpoMi; 8, for coaveying a Shrine eootainlng a Mommy.
8. In Isa. xxviii, 27, 28, a thretkutff-dragf or sledge is to be understood. See Aoricultubb.
As it appears that the Israelites used carts, they doubtless employed them sometimes in the removal of agricultural produce. The load or bundles appear to have been bound ikst by a large rope; hence " a cart- rope" is made in Isa. v, 18, a sjrmbol of the strong at- tachment to sinM pleasures and practices induced by long and frequent habit. Carts and wagons were either open or covered (Num. vil, 8), and were used for conveyance of persons (Gen. xlv, 19), burdens (1 Sam. vi, 7, 8), or produce (Amos ii, 18). As there are no road^ in Syria and Palestine and the neighboring countries, wheel-carriages for any purpose except con- veyance of agricultural produce are all but unknown ; and though modem usage has introduced European car- riages drawn by horses into Egypt, they were unknown there also in times comparatively recent (Stanley, ^Si- fud and Pal, p. 186 ; Porter, Danuueut^ i, 889 ; Lynch, Narrative, p. 76, 84; Niebuhr, Voyage, i, 128; Layard, JVmeveA, U, 76 ; Mrs. Poole, Englisktootnan mi Esu^ 2d series, p. 77). The only cart used in Western Asia has two wheels of solid wood (Olearius, TraveU, p. 418 ;