Colinaii, Benjamin, D.D., an eminent Congrega- tional minister, was bom in Boston, Oct 19, 1678. He graduated at Harvard 1692, and sailed for London 1695, but on the voyage was taken by a French ves- sel and carried to France. After remaining in Eng- land some three years, he was called to take charge of Brattle Street Church, Boston. He accepted, and was ordained Aug. 4, 1699, in London. He died Aug. 29, 1747. He was made D.D. by the University of Glasgow, 1781. Dr. Colman published a Poem on Elyah's Trandation, occasioned by the Decah of Rev, Samuel WUlard (1707) ; The IncomprehensibUmess of God, in four Sermons ^715) ; Five Sermons from Ltie xi, 21, 22 (1717) ; Observations on Inoculation (1722) ; A Treatise on Family Worship (1780) ; A Dissertation on the Image of God wherein Man toas created (1786) ; and a large number of occasional sermons. — Sprague, Annals, i, 228.
Cologne, a celebrated city on the Bhine, the seat <^ an early bishopric. The legend that a disciple of the apostle Peter, by the name of Bfatemus, was the founder and first bishop of the church of Cologne, is now generally abandoned even by Roman Catholic writers. Matemns, the first (historical) bishop of Co- logne, is mentioned as early as 818 (Mansi, CoUectio CdndL t. ii, fol. 486). The successor of Matemus, Eu- phrates, attended in 847 the Synod of Sardica, and was one of the delegates of this synod to the Emperor Con- stantius. The acts of a Synod of Cologne of 846, which ^tate that Euplurates was deposed for being an Arian, are now generally regarded as spurious. In 623-668 we find Cnnibert mentioned as archbishop of Cologne (Rettberg, Kirehengesch, Deutschlands. ii, 602) ; yet it does not appear to have been at the time a regular archbishopric, for bishops .of Cologne are mentioned after that date, and Bonifacius (q. v.) in 748 subjected it to the metropolitan of Mayence, from which it was probably detached under Charlemagne, between 794 and 799, in order to be raised to the dignity of an arch- bishopric. A national synod was held at Cologne in 874, to regulate the administration of the goods of tiie Church, and to consecrate the cathedraL The impor- tance this see had obtained in the 10th century is proved by the fact that the Emperor Otto I gave it to his* brother Bruno I, the first archbishop who was at the same time a prince of the German Empire. Popes and emperors vied in increasing the wealth and powor of the archbishop of Cologne, and synods held at that place declared him to have the right of precedence over all other clergy, the papal legates a latere alone excepted. About the middle of the 12th century, the archbishops of Cologne were elevated to the rank of electors. Prominent among the archbishops of this period were Anno II, who abducted the young em- peror Henry IT, and Rainald, count of Dossel, an able general of the JSmperor Frederick I, who patronized 4he anti-popes, and brought fit>m Milan to Cologne the pretended bodies of the "three holy kings," which up to this day are venerated as the most precious relics of Cologne. The political troubles of the 12th and 13th centuries diminished the power of the archbishop- ric, but it rose again under Conrad von Hoohstaden
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(1288-1261). Bat, while outwardly prospering, tlie see was inwardly weakened by the relaxation of the clergy, which became so great that complaint was made of it to Pope Alexander IT, by whose direction Conrad held a synod at Cologne in 1260, for the pur- pose of reforming abuses (Hartzheim, C<mciL Gtrm, iii, p. 588 sq.). In 1266 (acoording to others, 1271 or 1272) another council was held against the violators of the rules of discipline. After the Reformation of the 16th century, two archbishops of Cologne, Herman y, count of Wied, and Grebhard II, turned Protestants, and were on that account deposed. After that, the see was held for 178 years without interruption (until 1761) by Bavarian princes. Joseph Clement (f 1728), who was elected in 1688, was not even ordained a priest until 1706. Clement Augustas (1728-1761) was at the same time bishop of Munster, Paderbom, Hildesheim, and Osnabrack. Maximilian Frederick (1761-1784) founded the Academy of Bonn. Maximilian Francis, archduke of Austria (1784-1801), changed the Academy of Bonn into a university, and supported his brother. Emperor Joseph II, in his ecclesiastical reforms (see Ems, Conobbss of). His successor, Anthony Victor, archduke of Austria, was the last elector, as In 1808 the dominions of the archbishop were secularized, and divided among other princes. The electorate of Co- logne at that time had about 2545 English sq. miles and 230,000 inhabitants. But the diocese of Cologne was much more extensive than the electorate. Even the city of Cologne, being a free city of the empire, was subject only to the spiritual, not to the temporal rule of the archbishops who resided at Bonn. At the time of the Reformation the diocese had about 800 parishes, divided into 22 deaneries ; in the 18th cen- tury the number of parishes was about 1800 (a map of the diocese b given in Spruner's Hiitor, Atku^ No. 11). After the reorganization of Germany by the Vi- enna Congress, Cologne, now belonging to Prussia, was reconstituted an archbishopric by a bull of July 16, 1821, with the suffiragan bishoprics of Treves, Mun- ster, and Paderbom. The diocese of Cologne had, in 1867, 44 deaneries, about 600 parishes, and a population of about 1,000,000. The first archbishop, Ferdinand Joseph, count Spiegel (1824-1885), was a man of mod- erate principles, and a patron of the Hermesians (q. v.)' « His successor, Clement Augustus Droste von Vischcr- ing (1836-1845), liad a violent controversy with the Prussian government on the subject of marriages be- tween Protestants and Roman Catholics, was arrested in 1837, and set free in 1840 only on condition that he resigned the administration of the diocese into the hands of a coa4jutor. Joannes von*Geissel, who suc- ceeded him in 1845, was created a cardinal in 1850, and died in 1864. He was succeeded by Paul Melchers, who was the incumbent in 1867. See Germaht and Prussia.