lyini (D'^X), islands, or the distant shores of the Medi- terranean, which seemed such to the Hebrews (Isa. xx, 6; xxiii, 2, 6; Ezek. xxvii, G; Jer. ii, 10. etc.).
Waves of the sea are represented (besides Gal, above) by Daki C^Dl), literally ("wave," Psa. xciii, 3); Mishbdr ("la'ilJTQ), an overwhelming (metaphor, "wave," 2 Sam. xxii, 5; Psa. xlii, T; "billow," Jon. ii, 3) ; Bamdh (TCDTl), a high place, usually on land, btit put (Job ix, 8) for a ridge of the sea.
2. Tihom (Cinri), the deep, a poetical word for ocean, corresponding to our "main" (Gen. viii, 2; Job xxviii, 14; xxxviii, 6, 30; Prov. viii, 2T, 28; Ezek. xxvi, 19; xxxi, 15; Jon. ii, 6; Hal), iii, 10; fully "the great deep," Gen. vii, 11; Psa. xxxvi, T; Isa. li, 10; Amos vii, 4); more rarely any other great mass of waters (as those covering the earth at Creation, Gen. i, 2; P.<a. civ, 6; or the sublerranean waters. Gen. xlix, 25; Dent, xxxiii, 13; also floods, Job xli, 32; Psa. xlii, T; Ezek. xxxi, 4). lu theplnral (PTSnO) it designates either the surges of the sea (Exod. xiv, 5, S; Psa. xxxiii, T; Lxxvii, 16; Ixxviii, 15; cvi, 9; Prov. iii, 20; viii, 24; Isa. Ixiii, 13), or its abysses (Psa. cvii, 26; cxxxv, 6; cxlviii, t); occasionally the depths of the earth (Ixxi, 20), as a supply of streams (Deut. viii, T).
C. AOOESSORIFS.
These are such features as obviously affect the char- acter of the country for purposes of occupation, but not, like the foregoing, of a permanently essential nature.
I. Internal (including natural cavities and grottos).
1. Medrdh (m""2), a cave ("hole," Isa. ii, 19; "den," xxxii, 14; Jer. vii, 11), Arab. Mcgharah; used as a proper name alone (Josh, xlii, 4), but generally with the adjunct of locality : of Adullani (1 Sam. xxii, 1 ; 2 Sam. xxiii, 1?,), Makkeda'h (Josh, x, 16, etc), Eiigedi (1 Sam. xxiv, 3), Obadinh (1 Kings xviii, 4), Zoar (Geu. xix, 80), Mach- pelah, Horeb (1 Kings xix, 9).
2. Chbr (-lin or nh) and Chfir (isri), a hole in the earth or rock (1 Sam. xiv, 11 ; Job xxx, 6), hence in the proper names Horite, Haurau, Beth-horon, Horonaiin, Hor-bagidgad.
3. Mechilldh (ilSH?2), a. fissure or cavern (Isa. ii, 19).
4. Minhardh (ITIilD'O), a burrow or hiding-place (Judg. vi, 2).
II. Superficial (including objects of natural growth, such as conspicuous and enduring vegetation).
1. Ydar C^i'^), a forest or dense growth of trees, but occasionally a thicket only (Isa. xxi, 13). In the historical books it is the usual name for the wooded tracts of Pal- estine, whether east or west of the Jordan ; namely, the "forest of Hareth" (1 Sam. xxii, 5), "the forest of Leba- non" (1 Kings vii, 2 ; x, IT, 22 ; 2 Chron. ix, 16, 20), " the wood of Ephraim" (2 Sam. xviii, 6, 8^ IT ; see also Josh.
xvii, 15, 18; 1 Sam. xiv, 25, 26; 2 Kings ii, 24). In the poetical parts of Scripture it often occurs, and is trans- lated " forest" (but " wood" in Deut. xix, 5 ; 1 Chron. xvi, 33; Psa. Ixxx, 13; Ixxxiii, U; xcvi, 12; cxxxiii, 6; Eccles. ii, 6; Cant, ii, 3; Isa. vii, 2; Ezek. xxiv, 25; Mic. vii, 14). It forms an element of the names Kirjath- jearim and Mount Jeaiim (Josh, xv, 10). In two |ias- sages (1 Sam. xiv, 2T ; Cant, v, 1) the word is applied to a honeii-comb, which is the frequent product of forests.
2. Choresh (^"^ri), a wood, i. e. a thick growth of vege- tation, whether in a single tree or in a copse: thus in Ezek. xxxi, 3 it is used for the thick foliage ("shroud") of the cedar; elsewhere for a limited jiiece of w^oods ("forests," 2 Chron. xxvii, 4; "bough," Isa. xvii, 9; "wood of Ziph," 1 Sam. xxiii, 15, 16, 18, 19).
3. I'ardes (D'l'IQ), a Persian word for a park or planta- tion of timber ('"forest," Neh. ii, 8) or fruit-trees ("or- chard," Eccles. ii, 5; Cant, iv, 13).
4. Kts Cj'SJ), a tree in the widest sense, whether an indi- vidual one (Gen. i, 29; ii, 16; Deut. xii, 2; Josh, x, 16 [comp. Acts X, 38]; Isa. vii, 2, etc.) or "wood" as its prod- uct (Exod. vii, 19; Lev. xi, 32; 1 Sara, vi, 14, etc.); hence " timber" (1 Kings v, 6, etc.), or a piece ("stick," Numb. XV, 32 ; 1 Kings xvii, 10) ; s(mietimes as wrought ("staff" of a spear, 1 Sam. vii, 7; "handle" of an axe, Deut. xix, 5).
The most important or generally used names of particu- lar species of trees are the following, which do not always seem to be used exactly or distinctively:
5. El in some of its various forms (all from b>lX, b^X, or P?5t, to be strong), which, according to Gesenius, are used thus: Egl may be either an oak or a terebinth; where Allon is opposed to Eldh (as in Isa. vi, 13; Hos. iv, 13), the former is the oak, the latter the terebinth; on the other hand, all the words appear to be interchangeable, for the same tree which is Alton (Josh, xix, 33) is also Eldn (Jiidg. iv, 11), while that which is Eton (" plain," ix, 6) is likewise Eldh (Gen. xxxv, 4) and Atldh (Josh, xxiv, 26). The f.illowing are the several terms and their applica- tion :