Eyl ('"^X), in the sing., occurs only in the combination El-paran (Gen. xiv, 6); in the niasc. plnr. Ei/lhn (D''b"'X or D^pX) of a collection of trees ( "oaks," Isa. i, 29- "trees," Ixi, 3; Ezek. xxxi, 14), and the proper name Elim (from the seventy palms there, Exod. xv, 27; xvi, 1 ; Numb, xxxiii, 9, 10). The fem. plur. EJyloth (n'lb"iX) or Eyldth (rb^X), as a proper name Eloth or Elath, proba- bly refers to the palm-grove at Akabah (Deut. ii, 8 ; 1 Kings ix, 26 ; 2 Kings xiv, 22 ; xvi, 6 ; 2 Chrou. viii, 17 ; xxvi, 2).
Eldh (n5X), designated a notable tree, perhaps the terebinth ("oak," Gen. xxxv, 4; Isa. i, 30; Ezek. vi, 13; " elms," Hos. iv, 13 ; " teil-tree," Isa. vi, 13 ; with the art., Judg. vi, 11, 19; 2 Sam. xviii, 9, 10, 14; 1 Kings xlii, 14; "Elah," 1 Sam. xvii, 2, 19; xxi, 0).
Eiilon Cjib-'X), a similar notable tiee, perhaps the oak ("plain" of Moreh, Gen. xii, 6 ; Deut. xi, 30 ; of Mamre, Gen. xiii, 18; xiv, 13; xviii, 1 ; of Zaanaiin, Judg. iv, 11 ; of the pillar, ix, 6; of Meonenim, ver. 37; of Tabor, 1 Sam. X, 3), and also stands as a proper name, Elon (Josh, xix, 43).
Ildn ("^"^X), a great tree (Dan. iv, 10, 11, 14, 20, 23, 26).
Allah (n^X),a marked tree ("oak," Josh, xxiv, 26), as a prop, name AUah-me'lek ("the king's oak," xix, 26).
Alton ("il^N), the same ("oak," Geu. xxx, S; Isa. xliv, 14; Amos ii, 9 ; in connection with Eldh, Isa. vi, 13 ; Hos. iv, 13; of Bashan, Isa. ii, 13; Ezek. xxvii, 6; Zech.'xi, 3), and in the names Allou-bachuth (Gen. xxxv, 8) and Allou- zaanaim (Judg. iv, 11), or simply Allon (Josh, xix, 33).
6. Eshel (blTX), prob. the tamarisk (" tree," 1 Sam. xxii, 6; xxxi, 13; "grove," Gen. xxi, 3).
7. Asherdh (nillJX), rendered in the A. V. "grove," was an idolatrous image or pillar of Astarte (Judg. vi, 25-27), which, on account of its height, was planted in the ground, Deut. xvi, 21 ; as at Samaria, 1 Kings xvi, 32, 33; 2 Kings X, 20; xvii, 16; at Bethel, xxiii, 15; at Ophrah, Judg. vi, 25; and even at Jerusalem, 2 Kings xxi, 37; xxiii, 6; so in the plur. n^"ldX, Baal's cippi, 1 Kings xiv, 23, etc.); and hence the goddess herself (xv, 13, etc.).
Among other species of trees that seein to have given names to localities we mention Rimmim, the pomegran- ate; i''z, the almond; Tamar, the i)alni ; S/iittdh (in the plur. Shitthn), the acacia; Libveh (or Libnah), the white poplar; and Rothem {liithmah), the Spanish broom.
III. Human. sYr7tc<i«e.s (including residences or defences), whether collective or individual, public or private.
1. ir ("I'l") or ArOV), a eitg (as always rendered in the A. v., except " town," in Deut. iii, 5 ; 1 Sam. xvi, 4 ; xxiii,
TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 494 TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS
7; xxvii, 5; Esfh.ix, 9; Jer. xix, IS; "court," in 2 Kinp:s XX, 4), dfsi!<imtes i\ forlifled place (x, '25 ; xvii, 9 ; xviii, IS ; 1 Ohniii. xi, 5, etc.), such as jeiusalem, Samaria, Jericlio, etc., especially walled cities (Gen. xxiii, 10, 18 ; xxxiv, 20, 24; Jdsh. viii,29; x, 4; Jiid^. xvi, 2, 3; Until iii, 11 ; 1 Sam. xxiii, 7 ; 1 Kin';s iv, 13 ; xvii, 10 ; 1 Cliron. xix, 9 ; 2 C'lirou. viii, 5, etc.), in contrast with others (Lev. xxv, 2'.>, 31 ; 1 Sam. vi, IS); but in one case (Ueiit. iii, 5) we have "uii- walled cities."' The foiinei- ol' these two cognate terms occurs as [lart of a proper name in Ir-hal-tcniarini (Dent. xxxiv, 3; Judi;. i, 1«; iii, 13; 2 Cliron. xxviii, If)!, Ir- ham-mclach (Josh, xv, 62), Ir-shcinesh (xix, 41), Ir-nahasli (1 Chron. iv, 12), Ir-ha-heres (Isa. xix. is), Keclioboth-ir ( Gen. X, 11 ) ; the latter as Av ( Numb, xxi, 15 ; Deut. ii, 9, IS, 29) or Ar-Moab (Numb, xxi, 2S ; xxii, 30; Isa. XV, 1).
2. Kinidh (!T^"]p), a town, apparently the ancient (hence
the Canaanitish Kirjath) and poetical (but proverbial. Dent, ii, 30; iii, 4; 1 Kings i, 41, 45; or Samaritan, Ezra iv, 10, 12, 13, 15, 10, 19, 21) word for a city (Numb, xxi, 28 ; I'sa. Ixviii, 2: Isa. xxv, 2), especially in the proper names Kirjath, Kirjathaim, Kirjath-arba, Kirjatli-hnzolh, Kir- j.ith-jearini, Kirjalli-arim, Kiijath baal, Kirjalh-sepher, Kirjalli-sannah, Kerioth, and Kartell.
3. J'erazdk (ilTIS, only with the plur. Perazoth, m"l3, and the collective Perazon, "(ITTS, or Pcrazi, "iTIB), an iinwalled tincn or open villase of considerable size and character (Deut. iii, 5; 1 Sam. vi, IS; Estli. ix, 19; Ezek. xxxviii, 11 ; Zech. ii, 4; but "villaijes" in Judg. v, 7, U ; Hal), iii, 14, means c/jzVj/j*), and in the designation of the I'erizzites, or inhabitants of open villages.
4. Kiiplnir ("iS3), a hamlet or small collection of houses ("village," 1 Sam. vi, IS; 1 Chron. xxvii, 25; Cant, vii, 11), occurs chiefly in combination as a proper name: Che- l)har-ha-Animonai (Jo«h. xviii, 24), Chephirali (ix, 17), Ca- l)har-saba (1 Mace, vii, 31), Capernaum, and many Tal- iiiudic places (Ca|)har), like the Arab. Ke/r.
5. Chalner (12jn), a village (literally an enclosure), orig- inally a " conn" or ve-;til)ule.(as of the Tabernacle, Exod. xxvii, 9, etc. ; or Temple, 1 Kings vi, 36 ; 2 Kings xxi, 57 ; of a palace, xx, 4; Esth. i, 5; Jer. xxxvi, 20; comp. 22; j)rison, Neh. iii, 25; Jer. xxii, 2, etc.; or even of a com- mon house, 2 Sam. xvii, IS), but topographically designat- ing a permanent Bedawin encampment of tent -cloths spread over stone walls (Gen. xxv, 16; Isa. xlii, 11), such as the Hazerim dwell in (Deut. ii, 23). It appears espe- cially in the proper names Hazeroth, Hazar-addar, Hazar- enan, Hazar-gaddah, Hazar-hat-ticon, Ilazar-shiial, Hazar- stisah (or -susim), and (iu a slightly ctianged form, Chatifdr, "!",:in), Ilazor.