16. Sok (TjD) or Sukkdh (n~p), a booth or canojiy of leafy boughs, as a habitation for man or beast ("booth," Lev. xxiii, 42, 43; Neh. viii, 14, 15, 10, 17; Job xxxi, 20; Jon. iv, 5; "pavilion," Psa. xxxi, 20 ; "cottage," Isa. i,8; "tabernacle," iv, 0), such as Jacob constructed (Gen. xxi, 17), and the Israelites occupied during the Festival of "Tabernacles" (Lev. xxiii. 43, in commemoration of their first stopping-place out of Egypt, "Succoth," Exod. xiii, 20), and hence applied to the retreat of the lion ("den," Ps;i. X, 9; "covert," Job xxxviii, 40 ; Jer. xxv, 3S), and to Jerusalem, Jehovah's retreat (Psa. Ixxvi, 2), to military tents ("tent," 2 Sam. xi, 11; "iiavilimi," 1 Kings xx, 12, !()), and to the clouds (" tabernacle," Job xxxvi, 29 ; " pa- vilion," 2 Sam. xxii, 12 ; Psa. xviii, 11).
17. Mistdr ("inp''3), a covert or hiding-place (A. V. "secret" place, etc), once (Isa. iv, 6, "covert") Mistdr ("liriD^), as a shelter from the elements (Isa. iv, 6), or conce.ilmeiit (Jer. xiii, 17; xxiii, 24; xix, 10), and espe- cially the lurking-place of lions (Psa. xvii, 12; Lam. iii, 10) and of violent men (Psa. x, S, 9 ; Ixiv, 4; Ileb. iii, 14).
In connection with this whole subject, we may add that we liave had frequent illustrations, in the aptness with which geographical names are given in the Bible, of that nice sense of locality whicli a simple people, especially one of nomadic instincts, invarialdy exhibits. Indeed, the whole Hebrew language is an exemplitica- tion, particularly in the varied import of the nearly .synonomons roofs, which iiiifortnnately the lexicons generally fail accurately to distinguish, of the close ob- servance of all physical traits. In like manner the de-
TOR
495 TORGAU, CONVENTION OF
scriptions of locality, wliich, to a modern Occiilental, often seem vayue and casual, are generally found, when carefully scanned, to be remarkably (irecise and grapliic, a fact wliich later travellers are beginning to appreci- ate. Instances of this abound in the dooms-day book of Joshua, and many of them we liave pointed out un- der the art. Tiniiii. A question of much practical im- portance iias arisen res|)ecting the lists of towns in the various tribes given in that book, whetlicr they are ar- ranged in geographical oriier. The presumption, grow- ing out of the minute character of the delineation, evi- dently co|)ied from some memorandum of survey, is in favor of such accuracy, and this is confirmed by the fact now well recognised by commentators, that the list of nations mentioned in Acts ii, 9-11 proceeds reg- ularly from the East to the West. Lieut. Conder, in his papers in the Quar. RepuTts of the "Pal. Explor. Fund," bases many of his proposed identitications of places on tliis theory, which he elaborately defends. We are inclined, however, to doubt its trustworthiness for that purpose, as the Oriental mind is not so uni- formly methodical as this view implies; and we have found very frequent reason to depart from such a rule in the indications of identification that we have pointed out under the various places named.
Tor. See Turtle.
Torah (fully Masseketh Sepher Tord/i, 'nSD nrca min), or Treatise of the Law, is a Talmudic treatise containing enactments as to the manner in which, and the material on which, the law is to be written. The five cha|)ters t)f which this treatise consist are full of information, especially the first and fourth ; tiie former containing some notices concerning the Sept., the latter bearing on the sacred text. As to the Sept., see, under that head, Talmudic Xutices concerning the Septuugint, in this Cyclop. The fourth chapter gives the passages in which the word DTIPX denotes the Deity or has a dif- ferent signification. These differences are also noticed in correct editions of the Hebrew text by the words CTp and bin, i. e. holy or profane, thus enabling the student at once to discern whether D^HSX should be translated God or gods, or judges, etc. This treatise has been ed- ited, with six others, by Kirchheim (Frankfort-on-the- Main, 1851 ), under the title V.^y^^p f'TZCO ?a "i m'i72?"01""'; also with the Latin title, Sej)tem Libri Talmiidici Parvi llierosdlymitani qiios nunc pr'inium se- cundum MS. e Bibliotheca Clarissimi Carmolii edidit. etc (B. P.)
Torch is the occasional rendering in the A. V. of
T^QP, luppid (Zech. xii, 6), which usually signifies (and is translated) a lamp ; and so Xa^nraq (John xviii, 3). In Nah. ii, 3 [Heb. 4] it represents T^''ih^,2}eladdh, which rather signifies iron. See Steel. The distinc-
iiDcient Roman Torches: a. Lantern from the Column of Trajan ; 6, c. Flambeaus from various sculptures.
Modern Oriental Torches: I. Persian; 2. Arabian.
tion in the East between a torch and a lantern (q. v.) is not very marked, as both are often but forms of flam- beaus. See Lamp. A flaming torch is sometimes quoted by the prophets as the symbol of great anger and destruction (Zech. xii, 6). So also Isaiah (vii, 4) compares Rezin, king of Syria, and the king of Israel, two bitter enemies to Ahaz, king of Judah, to "two tails of smoking firebrands." See Firebkand.
Tordesillas, Moses, a Jewish writer who flour- ished in 1373 at Avila, in Spain, is the author of My riDi^xn, in which he critically examines 125 passages of the Old Test, regarded by tlie Christians as Messianic. This work originateil through acontroversy which he had had with a Jewish convert at Avila; and, for the bene- fit of the congregations of Avila and Toledo, he collected all the material, which he laid down in his tlD^TlX "iTj. forming the second part of a work bearing the general titTe "7"rt D. the first part of it being entitled ~T? mn. See Filrst, Bihl.Jud. iii, 435; De' lioisi, Dizio- naiio Storico (Germ, transl.), p. 317 sq., and Bihlioih. Jud. Antichrist, p. 26. (B. P,)