Torgau, Convention ov. Among the German Re- formers tliere was considerable difference of ojiinion on various subjects, which opinions were advanced and sup- ported with great warmth. All good men friendly to the new Church were desirous of a termination of so many bitter contests, because it was manifest that the papists turned them to their own advantage. After an unsuccessful endeavor to bring about a settlement of these controversies by a conference at Altcnburg, it was thought best that a formula or book should be drawn up by wise and moderate theologians, in which these controversies should be examined and decided. James Andrea, a tiicologian of Tubingen, was appoint- ed to this work in IG59. This business was hastened by the conduct of Kaspar Peucer, son-in-law of Melanc- thon, who, with others, endeavored in 1570 to abolish throughout Saxony the doctrine of Luther respecting the Lord's supper, and introtluce instead that of Cal- vin. In 1571 they explicitly declared their dissent from Luther respecting the doctrine of the supper and the person of Christ; and, the better to accomplish their wishes, they introduced into the schools a catechism drawn up by Pezel, and favorable to the doctrine of Calvin. Accordingly the elector Augustus summoned a convention of theologians at Torgau in 1574. Hav- ing clearly learned the views of the Crypto-Calvinists, as they were generally called, he treated them with se- verity, imprisoning some and banishing others. After various consultations, James Andreii especially, in a convention of many divines assembled at Torgau, by order of Augustus, drew up the treatise designed to bring peace to the Reformed Church, and which received the name of the Book of Torgau. This book, after being
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examined and amended by many theologians, was again suliinitlod to certain select divines assembled at (ier- niaiiy, and resulted in the famous Formula of Concoi-d (q. v.). See Moslieim, Ecclesiastical IJistory, V, iii, 151 sq.
Toribio, Alfonso Mon-grovejo, St., a Spanish prel- ate, was born at Mayorga in 1538, and studied at Valla- dolid, giving himself" meanwhile to the most austere form of religious life. From this he was called, in 1575, to the College of San Salvador. In 1580 he was made archbishop of Lima; he was consecrated at Seville, and immediately departed for Peru. He entered Lima ;May 24, 1581. i'lie diocese covered a large extent of terri- tory, and the means of communication were very poor; but Toribio determined to make a tour of it in person. He sent evangelists into the remote districts, and did all in his power to elevate the Indians, who became much attached to him. His liberality was great, and crowds (d' poor peo]ile woulil wait at his door for alms. His knowledge of tlie language rendered access to the people easy, and his labors were incessant. But the fatigue of his long journeys and the warm climate proved fatal, and Toribio died during his third episco- pal tour. ;\Iarcb 23. 1G06. He was beatified by Clement XI in 1(;79, and canonized in 172G. See Prescott, Co«- qiu'st of Peru, iv, 3; Pinelo, FiVa de Bon Toi-ibio, Arzo- bispo de Lima (Madrid, 1653).— Hoefer, Nouv.Biog, Ge- nerate, s. V.
Tor'mah (Ileb. Tormah', iT2"]Pl, deceit; Sept. iv Kpvipr) V. I. ftiTa dwpwi' ; Yulg. clam) occurs only in the margin of Judg. ix, 31, as the alternative render- ing of the Hebrew word which in the text is given as " privilv."' By a few commentators it has been conject- ured that the word was originally the same with Aru- raah (q. v.) in ver. 41, one or the other having been cor- rupted by the copyists. This appears to have been first started by Kimchi. It is adopted by Junius and Tre- mellius; but there is little to be said either for or against it, and it will probably always remain a mere conject- ure.— Smith.
Tormentor QiaaaviaTiig, Matt, xviii, 34) signifies one who examines by torture, and is derived from /3a- (Tavi'Cio, which in its passive form means to be tossed as by the waves of the sea. Torture, judicially applied, must be distinguished from punishment, however cruel and barbarous it maj' be ; whether it be capital, as im- palement or crucifixion ; or secondary, as the putting- out of the eyes, or any other kind of mutilation. For torture was not intended to act fatally, nor was it, when so denominated, inflicted as a part of a judicial sentence. See ToRTURK. It was usually employed to extort con- fession or evidence, as when Claudius Lysias, the chief captain, commanded Paul to be brought into the castle and " examined by scourging" (Acts xxii, 24). In the text first cited it is used as the means of obtaining pay- ment of a debt. The " tormentors" there referred to are the jailers, who were allowed to scourge and torture the poor debtors in their care, in order to get monej' from them for the grasping creditors, or else to excite the compassion of friends and obtain the amount of tlie debt from them. In early times of Rome there were certain legal tortures, in the shape, at least, of a chain weighing fifteen pounds, and a pittance of food barely sufficient to sustain life (see Arnold, I/ist. of Home, i, 130), which the creditor was allowed to apply to the debtor for the purpose of bringing him to terms ; and, no doubt, they often did not stop here. The inci- dent was one with which the lioarcrs of our Lord's par- ables were, no doubt, familiar, and its introduction here shows how savage and tyrannical was the spirit of the age. It' is no small mark of the mild and equitable spirit of the legislation of Moses that it did not recog- nise the use of torture in judicial trials. — Fairbairn. See Corporal Inflictions. For the " torment" or ti/mpamsm of 2 Mace, vi, 19,28, see Execution; Pun-